Historical And Theological Issues Surrounding The Catholic...

There was many historical and theological issues surrounding the split between the Catholic and the Orthodox church. There were cultural factors that impacted how the religion was practiced. There was political factors, as per usual politics ruin everything. Aside from all the socio-political reasons the main reason there was a schism was because the east and west disagreed on aspects of religion. The Great Schism, was the event that divided Christianity into Western (Roman) Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. All though it is normally dated to 1054, when Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I excommunicated each other, the East-West Schism was actually the result of an extended period of estrangement between the two bodies of churches. The primary causes of the Schism were disputes over papal authority. According to Rome the Pope held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs, while the four eastern patriarchs claimed that the primacy of the Patriarch of Rome was only honorary and thus he had authority only over Western Christians, Cultural differences that separated ancient Greece from ancient Rome still held true for the early Christian church. Language was an important factor in the schism, the entire early Christian world was split almost precisely along the Greek-Latin language boundary. Words, and ideas could not be precisely translated, and words often had multiple meanings in one language views them in another. The language problem was also symbolic of theShow MoreRelatedThe Cultural And Religious Traditions Of The European Continent3078 Words   |  13 Pagesseeks to remove the holy image to which they so ardently pray. From the west, rumors of a new Creed have made their way to the town, but the grand political and historical implications of this document are unknown the laity, who, illiterate, have never read the creed to which their church adheres. In such an environment, the great theological controversies of the seventh to ninth centuries emerged, forever shaping the history of not only the provinces in which they took hold, but also the developmentRead MoreByzantine Art : Contributions And Reflections Of A Falling Empire1901 Words   |  8 Pagesfunctions. However, these functions are consistently changing and morphing alongside the culture they serve. How is art able to reflect and even affect the society it is generated from? More specifically, what impact does art have, in response, on surrounding societies over time? This theme has been questioned throughout art history in nearly every studied culture. This continuation of the Roman Empire was heavily influenced by Grecian ideas, yet Byzantine art was transformed to an entirely new aestheticRead MoreEssay on Fundamentalism and Inerrancy of Scripture5400 Words   |  22 PagesInerrancy as an Issue in the Fundamentalist Movement: 1900 to the Present. A Paper Submitted to Dr. Homer Massey In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course History of Christianity II CHHI 525 By, Johnny walker INERRANCY OF THE SCRIPTURES Outline Fundamentalism is a type of religious reaction to all forms of modernity. 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Nevertheless, hell was commonly envisioned based on an ancient Jewish perspective, where the wicked were separated from the righteous, and thrown into a large burning trash dump called Gehenna (Graham). From the beginning, the church sought toRead More Resolving Conflict between Science and Religion: Reform Judaism and Scientific Thought3160 Words   |  13 Pagesthroughout history, especially in relation to the Christian faith. For instance, few people have not heard about the adverse reaction of the Catholic Church when Galileo propounded his theory of a heliocentric universe. Even today, we are not free of conflicts that arise when religious doctrine conflicts with scientific theorizing. A prominent issue is creation, in which scientific theories about the big bang directly contradict the religious doctrine of the Christian faith, which understandsRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pageswestern society as part of Babylon—a system and a place that is the enemy of the blacks of the world. FOREWORD ix 7. There is still no organized set of doctrines and teachings that constitute Rastafarianism, and no organized Rastafarian church, temple, or worship space exists. 8. There are numerous sects and groupings of Rastafarians, each holding to its own belief system and structure. 9. Rastafarianism is a deeply patriarchal religion that remains completely behoven to the Bible. 10

The Manhattan Project During World War II - 1563 Words

The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project started during World War II in 1940. The war was between the two opposite military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Many new weapons were manufactured during this war era. Two of these weapons happen to be â€Å"Little Boy† and â€Å"Fat Man.† These two weapons are nuclear atomic bombs, and they also ended World War II. The Manhattan Project was responsible in manufacturing these weapons. Therefore, the United States (U.S.) benefited from the Manhattan Project by using its weapons against Japan and dropping two nuclear bombs on Japan’s country which caused great destruction and gave them no choice but to surrender. In 1939, after uranium fission was discovered, many people were discussing atomic†¦show more content†¦The letter stated that German Nazi’s were trying to purify Uranium 235, if they were to purify it they would be able to create an atomic bomb. He also told the president that the U.S. sho uld start building in order to beat the other countries in making the nuclear weapons. On October 11th, 1939 Alexander Sachs (a scientist) went to President Franklin Roosevelt and discussed Albert Einstein’s letter. The president thought it was a good idea, so he started funding the project. This project was known as the Manhattan Project. Once it was approved many scientists got involved, some scientists that got involved were: Ken Bainbridge (test director of the project), David Bohm (theoretical physics, philosophy, and neuropsychology), Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigher, Otto Frisch, Rudolf Peieris, Felix Bloch, Niels Bohr, Emilio Segre, James Franck, Enrico Fermi, Klaus Fuchs, and Eward Teiler. All these scientists got involved thus starting the Manhattan Project. In 1939, American scientists (many of them were refugees in Europe) recommended the development of ways to use nuclear fission for military purposes. Most of the existing research had been performed at Columbia Univer sity in New York City. The project was based in Manhattan, New York. There was more than 30 laboratories and sites, also there was more than 130,000 people that were involved in different parts of nuclear research and development with three main locations were: Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Richland, Washington; and Los

Climate Change Effect on Polar Bears Free Essays

Climate Change Effects on Artic Polar Bears Kenneth Halvorsen COM/156 09/30/2012 Jocelyn Henson Climate Change Effects on Artic Polar Bears Climate warming and ecological changes have caused a significant threat to the declining population of polar bears in the Arctic which is affecting human habitats Polar bears, the largest of the terrestrial carnivores, live on the Arctic ice for the majority of the year. The icy habitat allows polar bears to hunt for their primary prey – seals. The powerful species’s survival completely depends on their ability to use ice for feeding and breeding. We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change Effect on Polar Bears or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the highest degrees of global warming effects have been on the polar regions of the world. Scientists around the globe are in agreement that such effects of greenhouse gases produced mainly through human induced emissions have resulted in an increase of the earth’s surface temperature. The continued denial concerning global warming could result in the complete polar bear extinction. Unquestionably, the beautiful species’s future depends on the protection of the arctic environment: its pollution levels, indigenous peoples hunt and total loss of ice. So, what should be done, if anything, to save the polar bear habitat? To begin analyzing the issue, let’s first discuss some of the delicate specifics of polar bear habitat and environment requirements which are critical for survival. Polar bears, as the largest of the bear family, must sustain enough food and accumulate enough body fat to keep those alive during the ice free period. They need to consume at least five pounds of seal blubber per day to stay healthy. Also, as they are the largest land predator in the world, bears live on the ice in locations where it is viable to hunt for seals which are their primary prey. Yet, they will also hunt Artic fox. They have been known to eat birds, reindeer, rodents, fish, or even the carcass of a dead whale. Strong swimmers, the bears roam over the vast expanses of sea ice while paddling with their front legs and using their rear legs as a ruder hunting for ringed seals, bearded seal, and occasionally beluga whales and even walrus. Polar bears have no natural predator and have no fear of man which makes things dangerous for both. There are few animals that will attack a man unprovoked yet, the polar bear is one that will actually hunt down humans and eat them. The problem begins where studies show that climate warming is creating a much shorter duration of time for sea ice and, therefore, is extending a later freezing in fall as well as early ice break-ups during summer. These changing conditions have shown seal depletion and a decline in the polar bears population. The average annual extend of ice has exceeded 1 million square kilometers. With over 40 percent decrease within the past 30 years of the ice coverage the population of polar bears has been substantially threatened (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Services, 2008). This and other climate change factors have affected the species’s food supply chain. Polar bears population growth in general is extremely slow and fluctuates in response to natural factors, the major one of which is their prey ability. The bears need to maintain a high level of body fat, especially for the females in order to have healthy cubs. Nutritionally stressed, the mothers are being greatly affected by the rising sea levels in the marine regions with the most pronounced temperature increases. An increase in polar bear sightings have been reported near human settlements during the open water period in recent years. For example, Inuit hunters have reported an increase in bear population because of an increase in sightings near their villages. This has led to more hunting tags issued. Such observations are misleading and the increased sightings should be related to the fact that the bears are seeking an alternative food source. Additionally, offshore drilling for oil and shipping have threatened polar bears status. Years of data from satellite imagery as far back as 1970 shows a decrease in population and poor body conditions surrounding the populations of bears near Western Hudson Bay and Baffin Bay. These two populations are more likely decreasing and not increasing. As these populations decrease the continued problematic interaction with man will most likely continue and could very well increase, as the bears seek alternative food sources through the extended summer months (Stirling, Parkinson, Sep. , 2006). Scientists have very specific ways of tracking the earth’s temperature. The world’s temperature is constantly monitored from land-based weather stations and ocean buoys. They also use tree rings, coral reefs, and ice cores. The evidence shows the earth’s temperature is increasing. Three main source possibilities could be responsible for the increase in global warming: the sun, the earth’s reflectivity, and greenhouse gases. All three have been studied carefully, and the only one that matches up to the data is levels of greenhouse gases. The more fossil fuels we burn the higher levels of greenhouse gases (Environmental Defense Fund, 2012). The polar bears’ survival completely depends on their ability to use ice for hunting, and some of the highest degree of global warming effects has been on the polar regions of the world. Fortunately, with technological advancements researchers are now able to follow individual bears over a long period of time and collect valuable data on the species’s habitat concerns. The greater understanding of population trends and dynamics allows scientists worldwide to provide critically important data that will further assist in environmental management decision. â€Å"Studies show a significant decrease in polar bear populations from 1984 through 2004 near the western coast of Hudson Bay and in the community of Churchill, Manitoba, Canada† (Regehr, 2010). The level of human presence and recent commercial activities in the Artic, such as oil spills and contaminants, shipping and hunting have exposed polar bear population to higher risks and, as a consequence, have increased this species’s habitat food stress. Now, as much as one-third of the world’s polar bears are facing extinction. Interestingly enough, multiple social groups believe that there is no reason for panic and some of the data used in polar bear population decrease is false. The controversial opinions are opposing to the entire fact of global warming and climate change with explanation of political tricks on consumers. Additionally, a large number of scientists and distinguished engineers disagree with the fact that an immediate and drastic action is needed to protect polar bear species’s survival and control of global warming impacts. Environmental campaigners suffered a major blow in 2009 when emails stolen from computers at the University of East Anglia were leaked and were hailed by critics as evidence of scientists attempting to suppress evidence that contradicted the idea of man-made climate change. An inquiry into the scandal failed to find any evidence of malpractice by the scientists and a review of the science also ound it to be sound, although the findings were met with claims of bias from skeptics. â€Å"The science has become stronger and stronger over the past five years while the public perception has gone in completely the other direction (Gray, 2012). â€Å"A recent BBC poll found that 25% of British adults did not think global warming was happening† (Gray, 16. 2012) . Nevertheless, polar bears have been listed as threatened by the U. S. Federal Government, Department of Fish and Wildlife Service in May 2008). Accordingly, one of the highlights in mitigation measures and species habitat preservation was a formation of PBSG membership. In 1973 The International Organization called Polar Bear Specialist Group has negotiated and executed an Agreement of the Conservation of Polar Bears. (IUCN Species Survival Group, 2012). The meetings are held in Greenland every 3 to 5 years with the emphases on advancing the principles of the Agreement. As a result of the recently conducted series of meetings in June 2001 a working group has been assigned and funded to expend the knowledge on the essential life functions of polar bears and other marine animals. Such evaluation of the species’s immune and hormonal systems would significantly improve the continued efforts of humanity in preserving the Artic environment. These and many other initiatives remain to be under development status. However, the progress is being noticed and is pleasantly acknowledged. Multi-discipline mitigation measures must be addressed by the upcoming generation of human policy makers. Among multiple models of polar bear population and habitat features one can clearly notice an inevitable and non-reversible threat to important specie of the world’s largest bear. Therefore, understanding of the climate change and a greater precision in making management decision must remain being a worldwide concern. Neither the five countries of PBSG membership bound by a 1973 treaty discussed above no the American Environmental Protection groups themselves would succeed with this uneasy task of polar bear habitat preservation without a worldwide cooperation. References Ellis, R. (2009). On thin ice: The changing world of the polar bear. Knopf. Environmental Defense Fund (2012). Climate Change Impacts. Retrieved from: http://www. edf. org/climate/climate-change-impacts IUCN Species Survival Group (2012). IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group. Retrieved from pbsg. npolar. no Gray, R. (2012, October). Climate Scientists Are Losing The Public Debate on Global Warming. The Telegraph. Retrieved from: www. telegraph. co. uk Kuhn, M. (2010). Climate Change and The Polar Bear: Is The Endangered Species Act Up To The Taks? Alaska Law Review, Vol 7. , Issue 1, p. 125-150, 26p. National Geographic Society (2012). Polar Bear Ursus maritimus. Retrieved from: http://animals. nationalgeographic. com/animals/mammals/polar-bear Peacock, E. , Derocher, A. E. , Thiemann, G. W. , Stirling, I. (2011). Conservation and Management of Canada’s Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) In A Changing Artic. Canadian Journal of Zoology. Regehr, E. V. , S. C. Amstrup, and I. Stirling (2006). Polar bear population status in the southern Beaufort Sea. U. S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska. USGS Open-File Report 2006-1337. 20 pp. Regehr, E. V. (2010). Climate Change threatens polar bear populations. Ecological Society of America. Stirling, I. , Parkinson, C. L. (2006). Possible Effects of Climate Warming on Selected Populations of Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic. Artic Vol 59, No. 3, p. 261-275. How to cite Climate Change Effect on Polar Bears, Essay examples

Data Collection Strategy to Expand Digital Marketing

Question: Discuss about the Data Collection Strategy to Expand Digital Marketing. Answer: Introduction: Conducting business in an ethical manner is the crux of success of any business organization particularly for the outbound interaction such as marketing and sales. In todays world the corporates are very high on the code of conduct with regards the professional ethics. Violation of the same is considered to be an unacceptable act. The fact that ethics play a very important role while using social media for the purpose of marketing cannot be ignored specifically with regards usage of personal information in a diplomatic manner (Gutierrez, 2013). This also concerns with regards the use of social media for marketing purpose where it is very difficult to decide upon relevancy and an odd creepy branding proposition. Social media marketing is one of the optimistic steps that the corporates undertake to reach the end consumers. It helps to understand the tastes and desires of the customers in the actual sense. The professional can easily gain an insight into what the consumers demand for, what are their inclinations and thus narrow down the list of the prospective customers. Social media marketing thus helps to find them the right audience that would cater to their ads. But the same would be successful only if used in an ethical manner. Thus it can be coined as ethical marketing wherein there is less usage of marketing strategies and more of philosophy. Using the social media marketing in an ethical manner helps to develop a sense of trust within the customers. Thus if the details portrayed in an advertisement is true in all sense then it has a long lasting impact on the success of the company and also the endorser. Thus it would led the consumers feel that the company is not cheating upon them which would in turn help the company launch any new product also in this competitive market (Marketing-Schools.org 2012). However it is not possible to ask a company to always behave in an ethical manner which using the social media for marketing purposes. They are seen to adhere to ethical aspects in one way of marketing but at the same time behave unethically for the other. Thus the social media marketing although should be conducted in an ethical manner yet there are situations which many a times forces the corporates to take the other route as well. The data generated by the social media are in huge chunks, so much that it at times gives birth to various ethical tensions. The information disseminated via the social media spreads very fast with regard the volume and the number of users or readers, there always is an anxiety with regards collection of the data and the ethical aspect of using the same in the social media. Even though social media is a very attractive and successful source of data yet he same is coupled with various ethical challenges as well such as privacy issues and obtaining permission from the person whose data is being utilised. Even though data is collected from informed sources, storage is another issue and this also gives rise to various ethical tensions. Such as the government which is not a trusted entity when it comes to storing the personal information of its citizens safely. People generally do not trust the private entities as they think that they store data only for making money and thus may even misuse the same for the same purpose (House of Commons, Science and Technology. 2014). But the same is not true. There is ethical tension for collecting, storing the data for social media campaigns in the government sector as well. The proper procedure of collecting, storing and handling the user data for social media campaigns can be divided into three main phases i.e. before, after and during. Collection of data is what comprises of the first phase of the social media campaign. The target audience has to be decided and data should be collected after obtaining consent from them via various social media tweets and sites. Conducting of interviews and surveys are also means of collecting data for social media campaign. Further collect data in clusters (Bowden, 2014). Further to this, the data collected for the social media campaigns are generally personal information of the models and such other participants which should be stored very securely. Leakage of any such information may give rise to ethical tensions such misusing of the data, creating uncensored and unethical mms and videos. Thus after collection, storing is a big task with regards the social campaign media. Lastly is the handling of these data. A volume of data collection in a social media campaign is huge. Of which some are useful and the other are not. It is a matter of discretion and adequate parameters which helps a person to decide which one is relevant. The other data which is irrelevant should neither be totally deleted or stored safely so that it does not fall into the hands of scrupulous people(Schwartz, 2010). Thus even though there are ethical tensions with regards the collection, storing and handling user data for social media campaigns yet if proper procedures are followed then the same can be handled very smartly without much of a hassle. References: Bowden,J., (2014), Data Collection Strategy to Expand Digital Marketing Insights, Available at https://www.socialmediatoday.com/content/data-collection-strategy-expand-digital-marketing-insights (Accessed 27th Marchh 2017) Gutierrez, M., (2013), The Ethics of Social Media Marketing, Available at https://www.huffingtonpost.com/mateo-gutierrez/social-media-marketing_b_2206357.html (Accessed 24th March 2017) House of Commons, Science and Technology., (2014), Responsible Use of Data, Available at https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmsctech/245/245.pdf (Accessed 24th March 2017) Marketing-Schools.org., (2012), Ethical Marketing, Available at https://www.marketing-schools.org/types-of-marketing/ethical-marketing.html (Accessed 24th March 2017) Schwartz,P.M., (2010), Data Protection Law And The Ethical Use of Analytics, Available at https://www.huntonfiles.com/files/webupload/cipl_ethical_undperinnings_of_analytics_paper.pdf (Accessed 24th March 2017)

Social Studies George Meade Do You Know Who Was The General For The Se

social studies George Meade Do you know who was the general for the Second Battle of Bull Run? Everyone knows what the Second Battle of Bull Run is but who was the general? Some people even know that the North won that battle. Most people do not know that General George Meade defeated General Lee at that battle. General George Mead accomplished much during wartime. General George Meade had many accomplishments during wartime. First of all, he defeated General Lee at the Second Battle of Bull Run. Why would not General Meade crush General Lee at this battle and end the war there? Facts say that heavy fog and rain forced Meade to stop. Likewise, on June 1, !863 a surprise encounter forced his troops into the Battle of Gettysburg, the greatest battle on American soil. This battle came about when General Lee's army needed shoes. The two forces met here on accident and fought to a victory for the North. Lee acknowledged his defeat and retreated to Virginia. Not only did Meade serve in the Civil War, but also served in the Mexican War. He served in the battles of Palo Alto, Monterey, and Veracruz. During these he served under General Zachory Taylor. To sum up, General George Meade accomplished many things during his time at war. Each of General George Meade's accomplishments had one major effect on how life is today. To start, if Meade had not defeated Lee at the Second Battle of Bull Run the war would not have started off positively for the North. This was important because the soldiers gained their confidence when they won this battle. If the North would have lost the entire war the U.S. would be two different countries. Secondly, Meade's defeat of Lee at the accidental Gettysburg. This was a battle that turned the war around and gave the North the advantage. This was the North's first victory in a long time. Finally, if the U.S. had not have won the Mexican War, Where Meade served as a soldier, the U.S. would not have gained the southwest portion of the c ountry. This ,as you remember, was where the gold rush took place that caused the country to spread out over the land. As has been shown, Meade's accomplishments had many effects on how life is lived today. There are many things that would be different if George Meade had never lived. For one thing, the North might not have won the first battle of the war causing the soldiers to lose confidence and maybe lose the war. If the South had won the war the U.S. would be split into two countries right now. Also, if the north did not the greatest battle on American soil, Gettysburg, it could have been the end of the war right there at Gettysburg. If the North would have lost the war the U.S. would be two different countries, as was said earlier. Last, if the U.S. had not won the Mexican War we would have lost some of our land to Mexico. The U.S. would have also not had the Gold Rush that took place in California. In conclusion, the country would have been very different if George Meade had never lived. General George Meade accomplished much during wartime. Most people do not know that Meade defeated Lee at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Some people even know that the North won that battle. Everyone knows what the Second Battle of Bull Run is but who was the general? WORKS CITED Cleaves, Freeman. "Meade, George Gordon." Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. 1989. Sefton, James E. "Meade, George Gordon." The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. 1994. "Meade, George G." Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia. Version 2.01vw. Carlsbad, California: Compton's New Media, 1994. CD-ROM. "Meade, George Gordon." Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 18. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier, 1990. "Meade, George Gordon." Who's Who in American History. Historical Volume. St. Louis, Missouri: Van Hoffman Press,1967. Social Studies George Meade Do You Know Who Was The General For The Se social studies George Meade Do you know who was the general for the Second Battle of Bull Run? Everyone knows what the Second Battle of Bull Run is but who was the general? Some people even know that the North won that battle. Most people do not know that General George Meade defeated General Lee at that battle. General George Mead accomplished much during wartime. General George Meade had many accomplishments during wartime. First of all, he defeated General Lee at the Second Battle of Bull Run. Why would not General Meade crush General Lee at this battle and end the war there? Facts say that heavy fog and rain forced Meade to stop. Likewise, on June 1, !863 a surprise encounter forced his troops into the Battle of Gettysburg, the greatest battle on American soil. This battle came about when General Lee's army needed shoes. The two forces met here on accident and fought to a victory for the North. Lee acknowledged his defeat and retreated to Virginia. Not only did Meade serve in the Civil War, but also served in the Mexican War. He served in the battles of Palo Alto, Monterey, and Veracruz. During these he served under General Zachory Taylor. To sum up, General George Meade accomplished many things during his time at war. Each of General George Meade's accomplishments had one major effect on how life is today. To start, if Meade had not defeated Lee at the Second Battle of Bull Run the war would not have started off positively for the North. This was important because the soldiers gained their confidence when they won this battle. If the North would have lost the entire war the U.S. would be two different countries. Secondly, Meade's defeat of Lee at the accidental Gettysburg. This was a battle that turned the war around and gave the North the advantage. This was the North's first victory in a long time. Finally, if the U.S. had not have won the Mexican War, Where Meade served as a soldier, the U.S. would not have gained the southwest portion of the c ountry. This ,as you remember, was where the gold rush took place that caused the country to spread out over the land. As has been shown, Meade's accomplishments had many effects on how life is lived today. There are many things that would be different if George Meade had never lived. For one thing, the North might not have won the first battle of the war causing the soldiers to lose confidence and maybe lose the war. If the South had won the war the U.S. would be split into two countries right now. Also, if the north did not the greatest battle on American soil, Gettysburg, it could have been the end of the war right there at Gettysburg. If the North would have lost the war the U.S. would be two different countries, as was said earlier. Last, if the U.S. had not won the Mexican War we would have lost some of our land to Mexico. The U.S. would have also not had the Gold Rush that took place in California. In conclusion, the country would have been very different if George Meade had never lived. General George Meade accomplished much during wartime. Most people do not know that Meade defeated Lee at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Some people even know that the North won that battle. Everyone knows what the Second Battle of Bull Run is but who was the general? WORKS CITED Cleaves, Freeman. "Meade, George Gordon." Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. 1989. Sefton, James E. "Meade, George Gordon." The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. 1994. "Meade, George G." Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia. Version 2.01vw. Carlsbad, California: Compton's New Media, 1994. CD-ROM. "Meade, George Gordon." Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 18. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier, 1990. "Meade, George Gordon." Who's Who in American History. Historical Volume. St. Louis, Missouri: Van Hoffman Press,1967.

Free Essays on History Of Straight Edge

straight edge into a song will attract a whole group of people, young and old alike. If the music doesn’t stand up to the expectations, howe... Free Essays on History Of Straight Edge Free Essays on History Of Straight Edge In the midst of the drug-infested punk rock underground scene of Washington, D.C. in the early 1980’s, a band called â€Å"Minor Threat† emerged. They would prove to be a great threat to the drug world. the lead singer, Ian MacKaye, would start a revolution that is still present to this day. The revolution would be coined â€Å"Straight Edge† by the song Minor Threat composed of the same name. The whole idea of straight edge would be to lead a clean lifestyle of no drugs, no drinking alcohol, and no sex without love. In the 12 years since the expiration of Minor Threat, the ideas of straight edge are still going strong in today’s punk scene and beyond. The key to the growing of the revolution is young men and women’s disgust with society’s ailments. Even though the original beliefs are still strong, the modern hard-core straight edge person is a vegetarian the abstains from caffeine and takes an interest in both political and environmental issues. As straight edge was reaching its apex in the mid 1980’s, it was also reaching a level of extreme hostility. The reason is was being fought against was because it seemed that a war was starting between the straight edge people and the people who violated the ideas of straight edge. Many people were fighting against straight edge because of its harsh intolerance to substance use and abuse. the music of straight edge has been nearly the only way the word has been spread around over the years. There are several hundreds, if not thousands, of bands that call themselves â€Å"straight edge bands†. As with â€Å"rock and roll†, â€Å"punk† and â€Å"hard-core† music, straight edge has its own brand of music. Although mostly heard as merely incoherent screaming and profanity, it has a much deeper meaning. Merely incorporating the words straight edge into a song will attract a whole group of people, young and old alike. If the music doesn’t stand up to the expectations, howe...

Soccer Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soccer Culture - Essay Example I asked my father to intervene and decide for us. It was when my father confirmed it as Soccer that I happened to learn that this was a world of wonders that I yet needed to explore. One question was constantly beeping in my mind, â€Å"But why was it so non-existent in US?† I consulted several sources to find the answer and was lucky enough to gather bits which when assembled laid a comprehensive answer in front of me. I would answer that question in this paper, but first, I want to share some general information about the Soccer culture that I happened to find in the way of searching my question’s answer. One of the most played sports in the world is Soccer. If we track its history, this sport has always had a unique culture that has inspired the civilized world. When we talk about the culture of Soccer, it includes various successful events, rumors and articles in the life of the sport, controversies that the sport has remained subjected to form time to time as well as its political, economical and sociological impacts on the world in general and individual nations in particular. Soccer is a very well known sport and is played almost everywhere. Some people confuse Soccer with Football, though the two games are considerably different in concept, rules and techniques. Soccer fans are divided into derbies (Mercado). These are essentially contests between competitors who are emotionally supported by their fans. This is what makes this sport feel more like a battle with various political and socioeconomic influences on the competing nations than a game. Also, the news and articles that discuss Soccer matches commonly orient their discussion around the rivalry between competitors. Soccer match is considered worth betting on and millions of people loose and earn millions of dollar in a matter of only moments. Likewise, the soccer clubs differ from each other in order to accord with old traditions. Their differences are based on various socioeconomic and political traits of old traditions. The rivals conventionally base their aggression on various disturbing events of the past and also, the political and cultural differences between them. There is also a big industry in the name pf Soccer that manufactures such things as banners, scarves and hats. These products are conventionally made with meaningful and team specific symbols on them so that use of these products would speak of the consumer’s favor for particular teams. Famous players give autographs on the balls to make them precious souvenirs, which promote the culture of Soccer. Owing to its voluminous popularity, many Soccer leagues have been established in different countries across the globe. Prominent clubs and team cultures are encouraged in festivals, literature and crafts. Soccer has always served to unite the divided world. This is evident from the fact that British soldiers played Soccer with indigenous people of Iraq and Afghanistan just like they had done d uring the 1st World War on the Christmas Day in 1914 (NPR). However, US has never made similar use of Soccer. The primary reason behind this is that a nation’s culture reflects in its ports. As a result of my study, I discovered that Soccer had originated in Europe. Around the mid 19th century, it was fashioned in UK from where it spread far and wide (NPR). However, the European nations have had a strong influence on it. If there is something that best represents the gap between the American and European norms, it is the differences betwe

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management - Essay Example These factors can be both a threat and opportunity for the company. It is a threat because they are beyond control of the company, that the acronym PEST becomes an appropriate term. It becomes an opportunity when the company takes advantage of the environment and it becomes a rearranged word as STEP towards strategies in entering the market. Any company wishing to enter new market should study the macro-environment factors surrounding the country. First consideration is the political analysis that consists of: political stability, legal framework for contract enforcement, trade regulations and tariffs, favored trading partners, anti-trust laws, pricing regulations, taxations – tax rates and incentives, wage legislations, mandatory employee benefits, industry safety regulations and product labeling requirements. The political analysis done for Sainsbury showed following results: Trade restrictions. It will not be difficult for Sainsbury to establish commercial business relation s with Qatar because of its existing friendly relationship with U.K. It has an existing Free Trade Agreement that provides benefits to both contracting parties (Pratap, 2011). One of the Qatar’s policies that makes setting up of large industries possible here are the regional integration, trade liberalization and expansion of market volume, thus encouraging mass production and economies of scale. Tax policy. Benefits owing to tax incentives include the following: No income tax or social security deductions payable on wages and salaries. No taxation is payable on exports and customs duties start at 5% Foreign investors are permitted full repatriation of capital and profits overseas in foreign currency. Corporate tax on foreign companies is 10% Source: KMD Consulting Legal. According to SMD (2008), the Foreign Investment Law No. 13 of 2000 offers foreign ownership up to 100% foreign ownership in sectors of agriculture, manufacturing, health, education and tourism. In Feb. 1, 20 10, this law has been amended and now includes 100 percent ownership in businesses such as consultancy services, information technology (IT), services related to sports, culture and entertainment as well as distribution services. Minimum capitalization required for a Qatar company is 200,000 QR and contracts entered into by Sainsbury in Qatar are covered by the Qatari Civil Code. Sainsbury can be exempted from the Qatari Law that stipulates a total local equity of 51% in any commercial company because it falls into the category of distribution service engaged in the retail distribution network and this exemption is available upon request (SMD, 2008) Legal. Environment regulations. The current environmental issue that would most likely affect Sainsbury’s entrance to Qatar is its limited natural fresh water resources and its increasing dependence on large-scale desalination process. Political stability. The peace and quiet of a country is vital in determining investment. Qatar, according to Business Monitor International will most likely to remain politically stable as analysts see no threat to al-Thani’s family rule (Business Monitor, 2009) Next, we go to the economic factor. Included in this analysis are: the type of economic system in countries of operation, government intervention in the free market, comparative advantage of host country, infrastructure

Cross cultural issues in international business Essay

Cross cultural issues in international business - Essay Example Intense competition at the global level therefore requires that firms should effectively manage their cross cultural team work most efficiently. Failure to do so may create more problems for the firms and may ultimately result into the downfall of the firms. It has been suggested that working in an environment which is diverse in nature pose significant challenges for the firms to overcome those obstacles and operate with same level of efficiency and competitiveness they usually perform with in their local markets. AB Volvo is a Swedish Manufacturer of trucks, buses, construction equipment and cars. It also offers marine systems and financial services in different markets thus diversifying itself at product as well as at market level. Being one of the well-known global brands for trucks, Volvo Track, its brand for trucks, has been setting a manufacturing plant in China. This paper will discuss and explore the cross cultural management issues for Volvo in Chinese market. VOLVO  œ A Brief Introduction AB Volvo is a Swedish Manufacturer of Trucks, buses and cars and has been operating in European market. It also offers financial services in markets where it operates thus have been diversifying itself into different products and markets. The company was officially formulated in 1927 when it rolled out its first car and since then has really transformed itself as one of the leading manufacturers of trucks in the world. It operates various business including Volvo Trucks, Mack Trucks, Renault, Volvo Construction Equipment, Financial services as well as other business segments. It has been manufacturing and exporting buses and trucks since 1930s and really became successful outside Sweden after the World War II. It has also been manufacturing marine engines and became one of the leading manufacturers of marine engines in the world. Over the period of time, the firm has either acquired new businesses or sold its existing business. Firm sold its car business back in 1999 to Ford Motors. This sell out was considered as necessary to refocus the firm’s business strategy on the production and marketing of commercial vehicles only. It has now proved itself as one of the leading manufacturers of Trucks and Buses at the global level. It has also decided to set up its manufacturing facilities in China with the aim to capture the Chinese market as well as set up the base to serve Asian market. Volvo in China China represents one of the most important markets for Volvo as it anticipates selling more trucks in the future in Chinese market. Though there are already other foreign and local players in the market however, the firm is expecting an increase in its sales of trucks in the Chinese market. Apart from the truck business, Volvo Cars have also been purchased by a Chinese manufacturer from Ford Motors Co however it has been hard for the Chinese firm to establish the factories and start the production on normal footings in order to get a footh old in the Chinese markets. China being culturally and linguistically different country however, also offers significant cross cultural management issues also. From managing employee relations, customer services to having relationship with the government officials, China pose a

The Environmental Problems Of Guwahati Environmental Sciences Essay

The Environmental Problems Of Guwahati Environmental Sciences Essay Guwahati, the largest city of Northeastern region of India with an area of 216 sq.km, It is the fifth fastest growing city of India in terms of urbanization. Guwahati being the only city of North eastern region, the city witnessed many changes like rapid increase of population, depletion of forest cover, spread of diseases which resulted many environmental problems akin to land, air, water and society. Most of the changes have taken place due to the effect of changing natural environment, tremendous growth of population particularly after shifting of the capital from Shillong to Dispur, hill slope destabilization due to construction of roads, dwelling houses, public institutions and also for encroachment in wetlands and low lying areas. As the city of Guwahati is bounded on three sides by hills and the other side by the mighty river Brahmaputra, the horizontal expansion is restricted for which many multistoried buildings have come up in recent years just to accommodate ever increasing population (1991- 2001 decadal growth rate is 38.6%) . On the other hand, required infrastructure and city amenities necessary for city dwellers and city us ers have not developed accordingly. As a result many problems arisen in the city, such as traffic congestion, water logging, dusty atmosphere, water borne and airborne diseases etc. In this study an attempt has been given to highlight the environmental problems arisen in Guwahati, their causes and consequences. Introduction The city of Guwahati is said to be the legendary Pragjyotispur, the city of eastern light. Guwahati is said to be the gateway of Northeast India. The city is situated between 260 1025 north latitude and 910 450 east longitude. The southern, eastern and a part of western sides of Guwahati are surrounded by hills and hillocks. The mighty river Brahmaputra in the north is flowing in north-east to south-west direction. Other important rivers in and around Guwahati are Bharalu, Mora-bharalu, Basistha-bahini etc. The city is dotted with swamps, marshes and water bodies like Dipor beel, Dighali pukhuri, Silsaku bill etc. The city falls under humid, subtropical region characterized by warm humid climate with heavy rainfall (average rainfall 1600mm) and a relatively cool winter with rather scanty rainfall. The maximum and minimum temperature recorded in the city is 38 degree and 16 degree respectively with relative humidity of more than 76.6%. As the city is the commercial nerve centre of the Northeast has developed road (National Highway No31, No37 and No 40), rail and air connectivity with rest of the country. Main problems identified in the city are different types of pollution caused due to man induced activities, increase of population, water logging, soil erosion etc. Aims This study aims at creating such an environment in Guwahati that the city could be made livable and lovable one. With this aim the objective this study has been designed Objectives To analyze the geo-ecological setup of Guwahati. To highlight the environmental problems associated with planning process of the city. To examine the cause and effect of various problems, and To throw light on the remedial measures to be taken to minimize the miseries of the city dwellers and city users. Methodology Here, in the study both primary and secondary sources of data have been used. Primary data were collected by spot visit and direct observation of the phenomena. On the other hand secondary data have been collected from various published works such as books, journals research articles, reports etc. Topographical maps (No 78N/12 16) and satellite imageries (SPOT MLA P-238, R-298 Dated 18/10/1990 and Landsat TM P-137, R -042 Dated 10/06/1988) have been used to examine the nature of the city growth, understand the environmental issues and to find out solutions for minimizing the miseries of the city dwellers. Collected data have been summarized, analyzed and presented in various forms like graphs, tables, maps etc. for easy understanding of the content of the paper. Data Analysis and Findings 1. Locational peculiarity of the city invites many environmental problems. Back in time the city was known as Pragjyotishpur, which finds mention in Mahabharata, Ramayana, Raghuvansha of Kalidas. Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang visited the city in 640 AD and described in details about the customs and manners of the people of Guwahati. Located on strategic point the city has always been a bone of contention between rival political powers. A number of bloody wars were fought between Ahom and Mughal rulers for Guwahatis possession. Deforestation Increase in surface run off HILLS Hill slope destabilization Soil erosion Land slide/ land slip Rock fall Hill land Siltation in low lying areas and storm water encroachment drains PLAINS Decrease in water Wetland retention capacity Inundation of new areas encroachment Hampers free flow of water Degeneration of water WETLANDS bodies Dwindling Flora Fauna Fig. 1 : Schematic Diagram showing impact of human activities on the environmental problems of Guwahati With the weakening of Ahom power in Assam, the city passed into the hands of British in 1826. During the British days political pre-eminence of Guwahati shifted to Shillong, which they chose as State Capital. In 1971 with the reorganization of Assam State and shifting of capital to Guwahati (Dispur) it again recovered its political pre-eminence in north east region [1]. Since then Guwahati has made a rapid progress as far as demographic, commercial and industrial activities are concerned. All these activities are responsible for many environmental problems in the city (Fig.1). . 2. Geographical and geological setups are responsible to a great extent for the problems like water-logging, landslide etc. in the city. The general shape of the city is just like a bowl surrounded by hills and hillocks in three sides and river side roads on the remaining side. The altitude in the plain areas of the city varies from 49.5m to 55.5m. . There are a number of small hillocks in the city of which Sarania (193m), Nabagraha (217m), Nilachal (193m), and Chunsali (293m) are important. The hills are composed of Granite, Quartzite, Hornblende-Biotic-Schist, Pegmatite and Quartz. On the other hand the plain areas of the city covered by old and new alluvium. Most part of the city composed of light yellowish to red soil. When the soils completely water saturated during the monsoon months accelerate the rate of landslide hazards. The granitic rocks on the hills gradually exposed due to hill soil erosion. Quite often rock fall occur during the end part of the monsoon months and take precious human lives and damage property. Since August 1987 to August 2005 as many as 22 cases of landslide and rock fall cases recorded in different locations of Guwahati. 3. Climatic condition particularly rainfall concentration in monsoon months from June to September cause many inconvenience like water-logging, dusty atmosphere, spread of water borne and airborne dieses . Usually June rainfall is always alarming but the downpour absorbed by soil. At this stage landslide, rock fall and water logging etc. do not arise. But from July onwards in each heavy shower cause water logging in the areas like Narengi, Satgaon, Saimail, Khanapara, Noonmati, Bamunimaidam, Chandmari, Silpukhuri, Guwahati Club, Uzanbazar, Panbazar, Fancy Bazar, Paltan Bazar, Athgaon, Bharalumukh, Maligaon, Adabari, Jalukbari, G.S. Road, Zoo Road Tinali, Rajgarj Road, Bhangagarh, Dispur. When hill soils become saturated landslide and rock fall occur. Again, immediately after water logging, road surface become muddy and roadside drains clogged with silt derived from the hills. Soon after, dry mud on the roads create dusty atmosphere and increase air pollution. Moreover, storm water ca use mixing of drain water and septic tank effluents with drinking water sources aggravate the health hazards in the city. 4. Almost all the problems of the city related to the population growth. The decadal growth of population in Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA) clearly indicates how population may create problems in the city (Table- 1) The urban sprawl map since 1911 also indicate how city has been expanded (Fig-4). This has drastically changed the land use pattern in the city (Table-2).More particularly slums and squatters have increased manifold in last few years. As a result many inconvenience and problems have arisen in the city. 5. Defective planning and lacuna in executing the development schemes aggravate the problems in the city. In this regard, inadequate road space, lack of parking facility, undersized roadside drains, haphazardly laid utility wires and pipes are worth mentioning. Almost all the important roads, viz. GNB Road, GS Road, MG Road and most of the traffic point face acute traffic congestion. Up to 1975 the number of motorized vehicles in the city was only 27,000 which has increased to 1,29,856 in the year 1990. After that the rate of increase accelerated and by 2003 it records 3,13,387. As such around one lakh motor vehicle added to the roads of Guwahati every year [2]. On the other hand the city area has increased by only 46 sq km in last twenty years. Most of the streets in the city are only 4.8m wide. There are many lanes, which have only 3.6m or even 3.0m width. Theses should be at least 8.0m for light and medium vehicles and at least 9.0m for heavy vehicles [3]. The results of the vehic ular emission show the violation in emission limit by 53 percent and 81 percent in case of petrol and diesel vehicles respectively [4 5]. It clearly indicates the magnitude of pollution level in the city. 6. Lack of awareness and tendency of violating the norms and rules in constructing houses, disposing household wastes and abiding traffic rules cause many problems in the city. 7. Slackness in enforcing laws also responsible for the problems of traffic congestion, waste disposal, hill slope destabilization, wetland encroachment and various types of pollution in the city. Table- 1: Population Growth in Guwahati (from 1971 to 2001) Year Population 1971 2,93,219 1981 4,51,200 1991 6,93,660 2001 10,67,400 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 Population 400000 200000 0 1971 1981 1991 2001 Fig. 3: Population Growth in Guwahati (from 1971 to 2001) Land Use Category 1990 2001 Residential 8904 (71.04%) 6600 Commercial 202 (1.62%) 660 Industrial 516 (4.14%) 1375 Public Semi Public 1504 (12.08%) 2475 Transport 1053 (8.47%) 3399 Communication Parks Recreation 14 (0.11%) 1450 Special Use/Others 257 (2.06%) Table- 2: Area under Various Land Uses 1990 to 2001

John as Role Model for Husbands in The Yellow Wallpaper -- The Yellow W

Modern day feminists' enjoy looking into the past to find examples of female oppression. This tactic is employed in the hopes of demonstrating that oppression of their sex by the evil male populous has been going on for decades. One such work that is cited by feminists to showcase just how terrible women were treated in the first part of the twentieth century is Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper." Feminists' are quick to point out that the main character in this story is driven down the path of insanity by her uncaring husband. It is of their opinion that John, the main character's husband, consistently neglects her by keeping her locked away upstairs. Other feminists argue that the main character was not actually insane, rather, she was pushed into a temporary state of delirium as a result of the state of confinement that her husband subjected her to. These same feminists will say that John's consistent misdiagnosis of his wife's condition smacks of incompetence. It i s their theory that if the main character were a man during this same period of time, doctors would have treated the condition differently. In other words, men were not diagnosed with hysteria and bedridden for three months when they became depressed. As mentioned before, this is what some modern day feminists think. This is in stark contrast to the interpretation by us modern day realists. John was a good husband that cared deeply about his wife's condition. He is described at the beginning of the story as being "a physician in high standing" (The Norton Anthology, p. 658). This description alone offers deep insight into what kind of treatment his wife was receiving. It is hard to imagine that any woman who is married to an extremely prominent doct... ...he would have taken that golden opportunity to flee the so-called dungeon that her husband had created for her. It can only be assumed that she enjoyed the prison that she created for herself since she didn't flee at any moment of opportunity. In summary, John should be championed as a role model for all aspiring husbands. He consistently showed complete devotion and concern for his wife throughout the story. He did everything within his power to make sure that she would have an expedited recovery from her ailments. John bent over backwards to ensure that all of his wife's needs were taken care of. Leave it to modern day feminists to find harm in that.      Bibliography Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper". The Norton Anthology of American Literature, Ed. Nina Baym. Fifth Edition, Volume 2. W.W. Norton & Company, New York. 1998. P. 657-69.

7. What Would You Recommend to the Ceo Given Your Analysis of His Approach Thus Far?

Important Course Information Course Overview Throughout this course you will assume the role of a management consultant hired by a variety of clients. Each individual or group project you undertake will present a different management or leadership challenge. These projects will give you an opportunity to demonstrate your understanding of modern leadership issues and apply ethical theories and reasoning skills to business situations. General Project Deliverable Guidelines As a management consultant you make a living by providing management advice to senior level managers with regard to management problems that they are experiencing within their organization. Your role is to analyze the situation and then apply your experience, general business knowledge, and sound management principles and theories, to produce a report or other deliverable on the subject for the senior manager. Your recommendations are important, but equally important is your justification for those recommendations. The justification must convince the manager that your advice is worth the price he or she paid for it. The manager should feel confident that you have arrived at the correct conclusions and that your conclusions are well supported by good judgment and competent authority in the subject. Your goal is to produce results that will strengthen your reputation as a management consultant and encourage the manager to hire you in the future for other projects. Leadership Challenge: Selecting Team Members The leader of your client organization has observed a lack of flexibility and a slow decision-making process in many of the departments. He believes that he is not serving his customers well, and has decided to move to a team environment and to push many of the decisions to the lowest possible levels. In other words, he wants to create a team-based, empowered organization. Several of his best managers are resisting the idea strongly. They not only feel that many employees are not ready for the change, but they also believe that they personally could never change from a â€Å"command and control† style to allowing more participation (Nahavandi, 2006, p. 54). Your client has asked you to prepare a report in which you address the following questions: 1. How should the leader deal with the situation? 2. How are leading and managing different? 3. Is the CEO trying to lead or manage this change initiative? 4. What arguments can he use to persuade his managers? 5. What can he do to help his managers change their style? 6. What are the implications of his actions and decisions? 7. What would you recommend to the CEO given  your analysis of his approach thus far? Use the Library or other Web resources to support your argument. Be sure to cite your sources using APA Style 6th edition guidelines. Your report MUST include a reference list. All research should be cited in the body of the paper. Discussion  Board essays and  Individual Projects  without references and citations may not earn any higher grade than a ‘C' letter grade. Your report should contain an abstract, a short introduction, and conclusion in addition to the body of the paper. Please note that if you have a source in your reference section, you need to cite it in the body of the paper per APA guidelines and vice-versa. Please submit your assignment as a Word document in APA Style 6th edition format. Objective: The Objective of the Unit  1 IP Assignment will involve the following the Course Outcomes and Grading Criteria with their respective percentages for the Grading Rubric: 1. Compare and contrast leadership and management, and understand their similarities and differences as well as the ethical challenges that managers face. (40%) 2. Discuss and explain when and why participation should be used to improve leadership effectiveness. (40%) 3. Apply critical thinking skills to analyze business situations. (20%) Nahavandi, A. (2006). The art and science of leadership (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Please submit your assignment.

PSTD essays

PSTD essays Post Traumatic Stress Disorder After experiencing a traumatic event, the mind has been known to horde away the details and memories and then send them back at unexpected times and places, sometimes after years have passed. It does so in a haunting way that makes the recall just as disturbing as the original event. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is the name for the acquired mental condition that follows a psychologically distressing event outside the range of usual human experience (Bernstein, et al). There are five diagnostic criteria for this disorder and there are no cures for this affliction, only therapies which lessen the burden of the symptoms. The root of the disorder is a traumatic event which implants itself so firmly in the mind that the person may be shackled by the pain and distress of the event indeinately, experiencing it again and again as the mind stays connected with the past rather than the present, making it difficult to think of the future. The research on this to pic is all rather recent as the disorder was only added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) in the last twenty years. Yet, the disorder is quite common, threatening to control and damage the lives of approximately eight percent of the American population [5% of men and 10% of women]. Any person is a potential candidate for developing PTSD if subject to enough stress. There is no predictor or determining factor as to who will develop PTSD and who will not. Although all people who suffer from it have experienced a traumatic event, not all people who experience a traumatic event will develop PTSD. Each persons individual capacity for coping with catastrophic events determines their risk of acquiring PTSD. And not everyone will experience the same symptoms; some may suffer only a few mild symptoms for a short period of time, others may be completely absorbed, still others who experience great trauma may never develop any sympt...

The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller Essays

The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller Essays The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller Paper The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller Paper The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller Thanks to the development of science and technology, the distance between countries seems to be narrowed. We can communicate or cooperate with people everywhere. Thats why people say the world is becoming smaller. This tendency brings us more good chances for making relationships and business, yet, it also causes some drawbacks like losing traditions or unsteady economic condition. In the past, it was impossible for a man living in Vietnam to keep contact with his relatives in America. But nowadays, with computers and telephones, we can not only talk with others but also see their lively images through any distance. Besides, we can also make friends with people from different places on this earth if we are interested in. By car, train or plane we can travel around and discover all the remote corners of this globe, which helps enrich our knowledge about countries and people all over the world each day and the relationship between humanbeings become closer than ever. To businessmen, this tendency brings them alots of benefits. First of all, they can spread their market, in other words, they will have more customers, which means they can get more money. Second, they can use cheaper labour source and meterials in less developed countries to reduce the manufacturing cost. Third, because of different frequencies and tastes of people, they will have a wide choice in business aspects. It can be said that businessmen is the group getting most advantages from the world becomes smaller. However, global village also gives us some disadvantages. In the process of globalization, the cultures have interfered with one another. Although some countries can collect more good customs, some are losing their tradition. Tradition is one important part of a nation, which are conceptions, habbits and noble values maintained for thousands of years. So when they lose traditions, they lose themselves and become other peoples. Another bad point is that joining to the global village, ountries have to apply open trade policy,which causes some difficulties to developing countries. As the economy of these countries is still weak, their companies can not affort to compete with foreign ones with modern technology and much experience. This leads to the bankrupcy of many mills and the unemployment condition, which will be a burden for both the governments and the entire poupulation. Even having some disadvantages, globalization is an essental inclination.

Critique Internet Info on Health Subject Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique Internet Info on Health Subject - Essay Example Marianne Sarkis organizes trainings for the pre-med students and family physicians concerning the FGC. She cooperates with the researchers and activists who work on this issue all over the world. The maintainers of the page state that it was created in 1995 as a personal webpage, as the amount of resources on this topic were scarce. They say that the project is not yet incorporated, but its status is going to be changed within the next few months. This site provides valid information for those interested in the issue. The detailed explanation of what FGC is, and about its typology, can be found there. It also contains the articles briefly researching the main reasons for existence of this custom. The materials hosted at this website also provide the information about the programmes designed to stop FGC. What is also important, they suggest the agenda for performing necessary changes in the communities that practice FGC. This website has been updated regularly with the fresh information about FGC. The last update is dated March, 4, 2006. This website also contains the data about peculiarities in performing, reasoning and struggling with FGC practices in different countries, where this custom exists

Women in the Military Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women in the Military - Research Paper Example However these people did not have any rank. Though they served the duties of army and played an integral part for the forces they were not considered soldiers or significant section of the military. During the Civil wars there apart from espionage and duties some women also disguised as men took part in the struggle. (Devilibiss, 1) History of Participation of Women The participation of women in military has a long history. The folklore tells the story of Molly Pitcher who served in the Continental Army. But the women in military services first began in 1901 and 1908 when they were employed in the Army and Navy Nurse Corps. But in both the forces their roles were restricted to nursing. The nurses were sent along with the troops wherever required. However they were regarded mainly as an auxiliary force and never took part in actual warfare. The nurses in the initial days had no uniform or ranks and they were never considered as soldiers. During World War I for the first time women wer e employed in non-nursing profession. However these services were mainly as clerks, typists, and telephone operators. There was no risk involved and the services were typically perceived as feminine. Around 49,000 women served during this time. After the war they were returned to the normal civilian life. More women participation was seen during the World War II all around the world including Soviet Union, Great Britain and America. In the American forces the participation was restricted to only 2.3% only. Several new units like the WASP (Women’s Air Service Pilot), WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service), and WAAC (Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps) was formed. But their roles and promotions were restricted till 1967. The first rights to equal opportunities came with the Public Law 90-130 during the late seventies. In 1980 the Air Force Academy class saw for the first time students from both sexes in a class (Mitchell, 1-35). Since them the participation of the women has come a long way with the report of Military Leadership Diversity Council that has recommended the participation of women in combat in the United States Army. (Burgoyne). Women and War: Sociological Aspect Many discussions have been conducted about women’s participation in war and peace. One of the significant theories in this respect is the Feminist Peace and Conflict Theory. This theory has considered the life and the encounters of women in warfare and postulated various theories. IL the 1980s the scholars have argued that traditionally the women are advocates of peace while the men make wars. The underlying logic is that the men are more aggressive than women. Therefore they are the main proponents of war. Mary Daly and the workers of the Ecofeminist movement have proposed such thoughts. The structuralists have argued that the gendered bias of profession finds their resonance in the masculine perception of military and nation state. Many have argued that the c ontribution of women in defense have been conveniently omitted due to the patriarchal nature of historiography. The existentialist theorists have given a different argument. According to them the women in a patriarchal society are conceived as the other due to the construction of the gender concept based on existence. Therefore their participation in all forms of decision making and military was restricted. However the role of women as warriors in the struggles of Nicaragua and Vietnam changes the idea of women as the advocators of pacifist movements. New lights were shed on the perception of gender based on the aggressiveness and submissiveness. The

Modern Myths Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modern Myths - Essay Example The myths are based on the society’s culture, norms, practices and even daily activities. Man of steel is a 2013 superhero film. The film is based on the character of the Dc comic and superman. Its co-producer is Syncopy films and Legendary pictures companies. The film is distributed by the warner bros.It is a series of films which portrays the origin of the human character. The film was officially released to the public on 14th of June 2013. The film has an organized acting and narrative. The film also portrays well the fight scenes, reinvention of titular character and the visuals. The themes story is the character. The superman character portrays a very real story (Brown, 122). He portrays that everybody’s goal is to dig out the difficulties he or she faces. A person’s character faces difficulties due to its multiple identities. The boy as a young man discovers extraordinary powers. He, therefore, journeys to explore his origin and the mission he is sent to do. Superman is to become a symbol and hope for all men after emerging a hero. The afterlife in religion is a myth which is used to explain the continuous existence of an individual after death. According to afterlife’s myths a person’s body consists of several elements. The body contains the soul, mind and the heart. It is believed that after death, the human soul will continue to exist. Most of the religions in the world believe that there is heaven and hell. It is believed that those who are righteous will go to heaven and those who are sinners will go to hell. They will face a wrath of fire which will burn them continuously. The afterlife is believed to convey the truth about hell and heaven (Exline, 161). It also explains what happens after death. The theme of afterlife myths is to convey the truth of what will happen after death. Furthermore, it explains that the righteous will continue to live while the sinners will be burn to ashes in hell. Creation

Planned Approach to Change Essay Example for Free

Planned Approach to Change Essay The work of Kurt Lewin dominated the theory and practice of change management for over 40 years. However, in the past 20 years, Lewin’s approach to change, particularly the 3-Step model, has attracted major criticisms. The key ones are that his work: assumed organizations operate in a stable state; was only suitable for small-scale change projects; ignored organizational power and politics; and was top-down and management-driven. This article seeks to re-appraise Lewin’s work and challenge the validity of these views. It begins by describing Lewin’s background and beliefs, especially his commitment to resolving social conï ¬â€šict. The article then moves on to examine the main elements of his Planned approach to change: Field Theory; Group Dynamics; Action Research; and the 3-Step model. This is followed by a brief summary of the major developments in the ï ¬ eld of organizational change since Lewin’s death which, in turn, leads to an examination of the main criticisms levelled at Lewin’s work. The article concludes by arguing that rather than being outdated or redundant, Lewin’s approach is still relevant to the modern world. INTRODUCTION Freud the clinician and Lewin the experimentalist – these are the two men whose names will stand out before all others in the history of our psychological era.  The above quotation is taken from Edward C Tolman’s memorial address for Kurt Lewin delivered at the 1947 Convention of the American Psychological Association (quoted in Marrow, 1969, p. ix). To many people today it will seem strange that Lewin should have been given equal status with Freud. Some 50 years after his death, Lewin is now mainly remembered as the originator of the 3-Step model of change USA. Address for reprints: Bernard Burnes, Manchester School of Management, UMIST, Manchester M60 1QD, UK ([emailprotected]).dismissed as outdated (Burnes, 2000; Dawson, 1994; Dent and Goldberg, 1999; Hatch, 1997; Kanter et al., 1992; Marshak, 1993). Yet, as this article will argue, his contribution to our understanding of individual and group behaviour and the role these play in organizations and society was enormous and is still relevant. In today’s turbulent and changing world, one might expect Lewin’s pioneering work on change to be seized upon with gratitude, especially given the high failure rate of many change programmes (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2001; Kearney, 1989; Kotter, 1996; Stickland, 1998; Waclawski, 2002; Wastell et al., 1994; Watcher, 1993; Whyte and Watcher, 1992; Zairi et al., 1994). Unfortunately, his commitment to extending democratic values in society and his work on Field Theory, Group Dynamics and Action Research which, together with his 3-Step model, formed an inter-linked, elaborate and robust approach to Planned change, have received less and less attention (Ash, 1992; Bargal et al., 1992; Cooke, 1999). Indeed, from the 1980s, even Lewin’s work on change was increasingly criticized as relevant only to small-scale changes in stable conditions, and for ignoring issues such as organizational politics and conï ¬â€šict. In its place, writers sought to promote a view of change as being constant, and as a political process within organizations (Dawson, 1994; Pettigrew et al., 1992; Wilson, 1992). The purpose of this article is to re-appraise Lewin and his work.. The article begins by describing Lewin’s background, especially the origins of his commitment to resolving social conï ¬â€šict. It then moves on to examine the main elements of his Planned approach to change. This is followed by a description of developments in the ï ¬ eld of organizational change since Lewin’s death, and an evaluation of the criticisms levelled against his work. The article concludes by arguing that rather than being outdated, Lewin’s Planned approach is still very relevant to the needs of the modern world. LEWIN’S BACKGROUND Few social scientists can have received the level of praise and admiration  that has been heaped upon Kurt Lewin (Ash, 1992; Bargal et al., 1992; Dent and Goldberg, 1999; Dickens and Watkins, 1999; Tobach, 1994). As Edgar Schein (1988, p. 239) enthusiastically commented: There is little question that the intellectual father of contemporary theories of applied behavioural science, action research and planned change is Kurt Lewin. His seminal work on leadership style and the experiments on planned change which took place in World War II in an effort to change consumer behaviour launched a whole generation of research in group dynamics and the implementation of change programs. 978 B. Burnes  © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2004For most of his life, Lewin’s main preoccupation was the resolution of social con- ï ¬â€šict and, in particular, the problems of minority or disadvantaged groups. Underpinning this preoccupation was a strong belief that only the permeation of democratic values into all facets of society could prevent the worst extremes of social conï ¬â€šict. As his wife wrote in the Preface to a volume of his collected work published after his death: Kurt Lewin was so constantly and predominantly preoccupied with the task of advancing the conceptual representation of the social-psychological world, and at the same time he was so ï ¬ lled with the urgent desire to use his theoretical insight for the building of a better world, that it is difï ¬ cult to decide which of these two sources of motivation ï ¬â€šowed with greater energy or vigour. (Lewin, 1948b) To a large extent, his interests and beliefs stemmed from his background as a German Jew. Lewin was born in 1890 and, for a Jew growing up in Germany, at this time, ofï ¬ cially-approved anti-Semitism was a fact of life. Few Jews could expect to achieve a responsible post in the civil service or universities. Despite this, Lewin was awarded a doctorate at the University of Berlin in 1916 and went on to teach there. Though he was never awarded tenured status, Lewin achieved a growing international reputation in the 1920s as a leader in his ï ¬ eld (Lewin, 1992). However, with the rise of the Nazi Party, Lewin recognized that the position of Jews in Germany was  increasingly threatened. The election of Hitler as Chancellor in 1933 was the ï ¬ nal straw for him; he resigned from the University and moved to America (Marrow, 1969). In America, Lewin found a job ï ¬ rst as a ‘refugee scholar’ at Cornell University and then, from 1935 to 1945, at the University of Iowa. Here he was to embark on an ambitious programme of research which covered topics such as child-parent relations, conï ¬â€šict in marriage, styles of leadership, worker motivation and performance, conï ¬â€šict in industry, group problem-solving, communication and attitude change, racism, anti-Semitism, anti-racism, discrimination and prejudice, integration-segregation, peace, war and poverty (Bargal et al., 1992; Cartwright, 1952; Lewin, 1948a). As Cooke (1999) notes, given the prevalence of racism and antiSemitism in America at the time, much of this work, especially his increasingly public advocacy in support of disadvantaged groups, put Lewin on the political left. During the years of the Second World War, Lewin did much work for the American war effort. This included studies of the morale of front-line troops and psychological warfare, and his famous study aimed at persuading American housewives to buy cheaper cuts of meat (Lewin, 1943a; Marrow, 1969). He was also much in demand as a speaker on minority and inter-group relations Kurt Lewin 979  © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2004(Smith, 2001). These activities chimed with one of his central preoccupations, which was how Germany’s authoritarian and racist culture could be replaced with one imbued with democratic values. He saw democracy, and the spread of democratic values throughout society, as the central bastion against authoritarianism and despotism. That he viewed the establishment of democracy as a major task, and avoided simplistic and structural recipes, can be gleaned from the following extracts from his article on ‘The special case of Germany’ (Lewin, 1943b): Nazi culture . . . is deeply rooted, particularly in the youth on whom the . . . future depends. It is a culture which is centred around power as the supreme value and which denounces justice and equality . . . (p. 43) To be  stable, a cultural change has to penetrate all aspects of a nation’s life. The change must, in short, be a change in the ‘cultural atmosphere,’ not merely a change of a single item. (p. 46) Change in culture requires the change of leadership forms in every walk of life. At the start, particularly important is leadership in those social areas which are fundamental from the point of view of power. (p. 55) With the end of the War, Lewin established the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The aim of the Center was to investigate all aspects of group behaviour, especially how it could be changed. At the same time, he was also chief architect of the Commission on Community Interrelations (CCI). Founded and funded by the American Jewish Congress, its aim was the eradication of discrimination against all minority groups. As Lewin wrote at the time, ‘We Jews will have to ï ¬ ght for ourselves and we will do so strongly and with good conscience. We also know that the ï ¬ ght of the Jews is part of the ï ¬ ght of all minorities for democratic equality of rights and opportunities . . .’ (quoted in Marrow, 1969, p. 175). In pursuing this objective, Lewin believed that his work on Group Dynamics and Action Research would provide the key tools for the CCI. Lewin was also inï ¬â€šuential in establishing the Tavistock Institute in the UK and its Journal, Human Relations ( Jaques, 1998; Marrow, 1969). In addition, in 1946, the Connecticut State Inter-Racial Commission asked Lewin to help train leaders and conduct research on the most effective means of combating racial and religious prejudice in communities. This led to the development of sensitivity training and the creation, in 1947, of the now famous National Training Laboratories. However, his huge workload took its toll on his health, and on 11 February 1947 he died of a heart attack (Lewin, 1992). 980 B. Burnes  © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2004LEWIN’S WORK Lewin was a humanitarian who believed that only by resolving social conï ¬â€šict, whether it be religious, racial, marital or industrial, could the human condition be improved. Lewin believed that the key to resolving social  conï ¬â€šict was to facilitate learning and so enable individuals to understand and restructure their perceptions of the world around them. In this he was much inï ¬â€šuenced by the Gestalt psychologists he had worked with in Berlin (Smith, 2001). A unifying theme of much of his work is the view that ‘. . . the group to which an individual belongs is the ground for his perceptions, his feelings and his actions’ (Allport, 1948, p. vii). Though Field Theory, Group Dynamics, Action Research and the 3-Step model of change are often treated as separate themes of his work, Lewin saw them as a uniï ¬ ed whole with each element supporting and reinforcing the others and all of them necessary to understand and bring about Planned change, whether it be at the level of the individual, group, organization or even society (Bargal and Bar, 1992; Kippenberger, 1998a, 1998b; Smith, 2001). As Allport (1948, p. ix) states: ‘All of his concepts, whatever root-metaphor they employ, comprise a single wellintegrated system’. This can be seen from examining these four aspects of his work in turn. Field Theory This is an approach to understanding group behaviour by trying to map out the totality and complexity of the ï ¬ eld in which the behaviour takes place (Back, 1992). Lewin maintained that to understand any situation it was necessary that: ‘One should view the present situation – the status quo – as being maintained by certain conditions or forces’ (Lewin, 1943a, p. 172). Lewin (1947b) postulated that group behaviour is an intricate set of symbolic interactions and forces that not only affect group structures, but also modify individual behaviour. Therefore, individual behaviour is a function of the group environment or ‘ï ¬ eld’, as he termed it. Consequently, any changes in behaviour stem from changes, be they small or large, in the forces within the ï ¬ eld (Lewin, 1947a). Lewin deï ¬ ned a ï ¬ eld as ‘a totality of coexisting facts which are conceived of as mutually interdependent . . .’ (Lewin, 1946, p. 240). Lewin believed that a ï ¬ eld was in a continuous state of adaptation and that ‘Change and constancy are relative concepts; group life is never without change, merely differences in the amount and type of change exist’ (Lewin, 1947a, p. 199). This is why Lewin used the term ‘quasi-stationary equilibrium’ to indicate that whilst there might be a rhythm and pattern to the behaviour and processes of a group, these tended  to ï ¬â€šuctuate constantly owing to changes in the forces or circumstances that impinge on the group. Lewin’s view was that if one could identify, plot and establish the potency of these forces, then it would be possible not only to understand why individuals, Kurt Lewin 981  Ã‚ © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2004groups and organizations act as they do, but also what forces would need to be diminished or strengthened in order to bring about change. In the main, Lewin saw behavioural change as a slow process; however, he did recognize that under certain circumstances, such as a personal, organizational or societal crisis, the various forces in the ï ¬ eld can shift quickly and radically. In such situations, established routines and behaviours break down and the status quo is no longer viable; new patterns of activity can rapidly emerge and a new equilibrium (or quasistationary equilibrium) is formed (Kippenberger, 1998a; Lewin, 1947a). Despite its obvious value as a vehicle for understanding and changing group behaviour, with Lewin’s death, the general interest in Field Theory waned (Back, 1992; Gold, 1992; Hendry, 1996). However, in recent years, with the work of Argyris (1990) and Hirschhorn (1988) on understanding and overcoming resistance to change, Lewin’s work on Field Theory has once again begun to attract interest. According to Hendry (1996), even critics of Lewin’s work have drawn on Field Theory to develop their own models of change (see Pettigrew et al., 1989, 1992). Indeed, parallels have even been drawn between Lewin’s work and the work of complexity theorists (Kippenberger, 1998a). Back (1992), for example, argued that the formulation and behaviour of complex systems as described by Chaos and Catastrophe theorists bear striking similarities to Lewin’s conceptualization of Field Theory. Nevertheless, Field Theory is now probably the least understood element of Lewin’s work, yet, because of its potential to map the forces impinging on an individual, group or organization, it underpinned the other elements of his work. Group Dynamics the word ‘dynamics’ . . . comes from a Greek word meaning force . . . ‘group . . . dynamics’ refers to the forces operating in groups . . . it is a  study of these forces: what gives rise to them, what conditions modify them, what consequences they have, etc. (Cartwright, 1951, p. 382) Lewin was the ï ¬ rst psychologist to write about ‘group dynamics’ and the importance of the group in shaping the behaviour of its members (Allport, 1948; Bargal et al., 1992). Indeed, Lewin’s (1939, p. 165) deï ¬ nition of a ‘group’ is still generally accepted: ‘. . . it is not the similarity or dissimilarity of individuals that constitutes a group, but interdependence of fate’. As Kippenberger (1998a) notes, Lewin was addressing two questions: What is it about the nature and characteristics of a particular group which causes it to respond (behave) as it does to the forces which impinge on it, and how can these forces be changed in order to elicit a more desirable form of behaviour? It was to address these questions that Lewin began to develop the concept of Group Dynamics. Group Dynamics stresses that group behaviour, rather than that of individuals, should be the main focus of change (Bernstein, 1968; Dent and Goldberg, 1999). Lewin (1947b) maintained that it is fruitless to concentrate on changing the behaviour of individuals because the individual in isolation is constrained by group pressures to conform. Consequently, the focus of change must be at the group level and should concentrate on factors such as group norms, roles, interactions and socialization processes to create ‘disequilibrium’ and change (Schein, 1988). Lewin’s pioneering work on Group Dynamics not only laid the foundations for our understanding of groups (Cooke, 1999; Dent and Goldberg, 1999; French and Bell, 1984; Marrow, 1969; Schein, 1988) but has also been linked to complexity theories by researchers examining self-organizing theory and non-linear systems (Tschacher and Brunner, 1995). However, understanding the internal dynamics of a group is not sufï ¬ cient by itself to bring about change. Lewin also recognized the need to provide a process whereby the members could be engaged in and committed to changing their behaviour. This led Lewin to develop Action Research and the 3-Step model of change. Action Research This term was coined by Lewin (1946) in an article entitled ‘Action research and minority problems’. Lewin stated in the article: In the last year and a half I have had occasion to have contact with a great variety of organizations, institutions, and individuals who came for help in the ï ¬ eld of group relations. (Lewin, 1946, p. 201) However, though these people exhibited . . .  a great amount of good-will, of readiness to face the problem squarely and . . . really do something about it . . . These eager people feel themselves to be in a fog. They feel in a fog on three counts: 1. What is the present situation? 2. What are the dangers? 3. And most importantly of all, what shall we do? (Lewin, 1946, p. 201) Lewin conceived of Action Research as a two-pronged process which would allow groups to address these three questions. Firstly, it emphasizes that change requires action, and is directed at achieving this. Secondly, it recognizes that successful action is based on analysing the situation correctly, identifying all the possible alternative solutions and choosing the one most appropriate to the situation at hand (Bennett, 1983). To be successful, though, there has also to be a ‘felt-need’. FeltKurt Lewin 983  © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2004need is an individual’s inner realization that change is necessary. If felt-need is low in the group or organization, introducing change becomes problematic. The theoretical foundations of Action Research lie in Gestalt psychology, which stresses that change can only successfully be achieved by helping individuals to reï ¬â€šect on and gain new insights into the totality of their situation. Lewin (1946, p. 206) stated that Action Research ‘. . . proceeds in a spiral of steps each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action, and fact-ï ¬ nding about the results of the action.’ It is an iterative process whereby research leads to action and action leads to evaluation and further research. As Schein (1996, p. 64) comments, it was Lewin’s view that ‘. . . one cannot understand an organization without trying to change it . . .’ Indeed, Lewin’s view was very much that the understanding and learning which this process produces for the individuals and groups concerned, which then feeds into changed  behaviour, is more important than any resulting change as such (Lewin, 1946). To this end, Action Research draws on Lewin’s work on Field Theory to identify the forces that focus on the group to which the individual belongs. It also draws on Group Dynamics to understand why group members behave in the way they do when subjected to these forces. Lewin stressed that the routines and patterns of behaviour in a group are more than just the outcome of opposing forces in a forceï ¬ eld. They have a value in themselves and have a positive role to play in enforcing group norms (Lewin, 1947a). Action Research stresses that for change to be effective, it must take place at the group level, and must be a participative and collaborative process which involves all of those concerned (Allport, 1948; Bargal et al., 1992; French and Bell, 1984; Lewin, 1947b).

Russian Folk Dance: History and Relationship with Ballet

Russian Folk Dance: History and Relationship with Ballet Introduction 1.1 Background Information Russian people think that the Russian dance is a celebration of their lives. Russian folk dance and folk music discloses the feeling and an expression of spirituality. The visit to Russia is becoming an experience of this new land. Russia is known as an attractive destination due to the scary size along with an interesting history of Europe. It is considered as an ultimate tourist destination and the country is one third part of European countries with the diverse musical background. Russian dances are full of individual and huge performers (Chitranshi, 2009). Russian dances are the human activities which constitutes all properties about human. Thus Russian dance exists at this land along with their terminology, sayings, proverbs and conversations. In Russia, classical ballet is a ruler. There is no training for the modern dances and also there is no performance space along with some modern schools. Russian folk dance was common among the peasants, commoners and the lower class peopl e living outside the city (earlier than the rule of Peter). The higher class people did not dance but they were getting pleasure from the enjoyable performances of dancing trainers. The major differentiation among social classes within the culture of Russian dance took place as a historical event. That attack had broken the peoples way to live life and it also it changed the progress of Russian dances by stumbling its logical sequences. Russian classical ballet dance is very popular dance all around the world and it remained very popular since the nineteenth century (Chitranshi, 2009). 1.2 Aims and Objectives The researcher here aims to understand the concept of Russian folk dance and the reason for conversion of this into Russian Ballet dance. While the objective of this study is to analyse the concept of folk dance in Russia and various types of Russian dances which are famous in the country. 1.3 Research Questions In order to attain aims and objectives of the research, researcher has designed below stated research questions:- What are the various forms of folk dance in Russia? What is the history attached with Russian folk dance? How did Russian folk dance transformed to Ballet dance? How the dance, as source of entertainment had converted into professional dance? Who are the famous people linked to Russian folk and Ballet dance? 1.4 Russian ballet The actual ballet dance did not invent in Russia but the country has contributed very much for its development and currently Russian ballet has gained popularity all over the world. Various ballet dance performers along with the ballet companies have raised out of Russia and ballet theatres are attracting people in larger number. Ballet came into Russia during 1700s and in 1734, first ballet school was introduced (AlbrÑ–ght DanÑ–Ã Ã‚ µl 2004). After few years, an imperial school of St. Petersburg found first Ballet Company in Russia. It was first dominated by Italian and Russian dances as well as chorographers. In 1800s Russias Ballet dance incorporated some ideas from folk dancing. The higher class people did not increase and promote the art by supporting some companies. The French choreographer named as Marius Petipa and he was renowned for inventing ballet of Tchaikovsky. Russian ballet took place and observed in new era in the 20th century. It has been id entified in previous studies that Michel Fokine (choreographer), Vaslav Nijinksy (dancer), Sergey Diaghilev and Alexandre Benois (designer) set up the ballet company in Russia. At that point of time, superb dancer Anna Pavlova was taking the place. At present Russian ballet is known throughout the world and attracting lots of visitors. There is several ballet companies are operated in Russia such as Kremlin Ballet, Perm ballet and Imperial Russian ballet academy. The well known cities have established their own ballet orchestras and theatres and that are focused by number of supporters. The role of Russian ballet to the classical dances cannot be undervalued. It has been known from past many decades and considered as the indicator of the classical dance. It leads other type of dances. Young girls are becoming ballerinas and their dreams have been powered by the famous Russian dancers. Thus Russian ballet dance has captivated large number of audiences all around the globe. 1.5 Contribution of choreographers 1.5.1 Vaslav Nijinsky This choreographer is renowned as the male dancer of all times and he has also called the god of dance (Parker and Derek, 1988). After the long time of female dominance in the field of ballet, he overtook the ballet dancers of those times such as Pavlova, Karsavina and Kschà Ã‚ µssÑ–nska established superiority in the within the male dance stage in twentieth century. His career in the ballet dance field has ended from past ten years due to his mental disease. But legendary of Nijinsky will continue until the appearance of such type personality who will overtake the ballet generation. Pole became the hero of an imperial Maryinsky theatre just after completing his studies from St. Petersburg school at the age of 18 years. He was the inspiration for the ballets in the western side. Then Fokine invented ballets for Nijinsky and other people like Ravel, Debussy and Stravinsky prepared music for him (AlbrÑ–ght, DanÑ–Ã Ã‚ µl 2004). At the time of First World War, Nijinsky as a Russian citizen was interned in Hungry. Diaghilev got success in getting him out of the country for the purpose to visit North American tour in 1916 and then he choreographed his main part in Till Eulenspiegel. Indicators of dementia praecox became clear for the members of the company and then became sacred of other dancers (Anthony, 2002). The first ballet of Nijinsky named as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“LAprÃÆ' ¨s-mÑ–dÑ– dun Faunà Ã‚ µÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? has become a milestone within the history of ballet Russes of Diaghilev. That ballet was marked near to the period in which Fokine was the biggest dancer. Thus the dancer Nijinsky emerged as a choreographer and his thoughts stimulated the doubts raised by Diaghilev and it ran contradictory to the classical folk dances of Russia. The production of first ballet was totally based some choreographic scores and they were recorded by Nijinsky in his dance entry system. It remained for many years and he became unavailable due to his mental illness for reproducing the work. 1.5.2 Michel Fokine Michel Fokine got training from the Imperial school in St. Petersburg and then he joined Ballet Russes of Diaghilev in 1909. Then he went to United States in the year 1923 where he performed for the American Ballet theatre and Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Fokine considered some artificial as well as random traditions along with the methods and techniques for expressive and natural choreographic styles. This style is known as the recurrent topic in the field of ballet dance. His new ideas and thoughts led the success of the Diaghilev Company. He choreographed so many ballets and Chopiniana that led Balanchine for trying the ballets which became his brand name. The classical ballet dance or folk dance has become unlimited since the days of Fokine and the people thinks that his choreography is old fashioned. So his ballets remained unproductive and suffered from deformation. He was surprised and shocked that it would happen in his career (Michel Fokine, 2011). 1.5.3 Petipa along with the Russian Ballet Marius Petipa was the leading dancer and the choreographer along with the ballet of St. Petersburg in the year 1962. At that time he invented multi- acted ballet for the imperial theatre of Tsar. That ballet gave directions to other ballets and it was considered as classical ballet. In 1869, Petipa took the position of the master of ballet to the Tsars imperial theatre. Then he created so many single and multi act ballets for the presentation on the Russian stages. Then he created and developed Don Quixote type for the ballet in Moscow. He choreographed large number of dances along with numerous types of ballets. 1.6 Russian Ballet Pushkin The present days consider importance of Russian ballet at quite a notable rate. Bolshoi and Maryinsky are among the most renowned companies and training schools for teaching of ballet. These are well known all across the world for their remarkable practices. It is appreciable to note that the tradition of Russia is into existence even in present era. The firmness among dancers and choreographers along with the support by audience has resulting in attainment of this position. However, the past of virile nature represents the main factor for survival of this dance. The ballet of Russia was imported from France though; it admiringly attained its own position in the culture and dance. The dancers and choreographers of Russia considered themselves as equivalent to that of Western countries. However, Alexander Pushkin was the main cause for writing style by Russia. The involvement of this man had resulted in portrayal of characters and story telling by utilizing themes of Russia that fits with the stage and survived for more than two centuries for Russian ballet. Western Europe was the main contributor to Russian ballet dance since the nineteenth century. However, the end of nineteenth century has resulted in formation of Russian ballet dance that differentiates itself from all over the world and become a leader in the arena. Didelot, the person well known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Russian Ballets fatherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Steinberg, 1980), in the year 1816 along with explored Pushkin also termed as talent at local level, Russia started making strides for development of its unique form of ballet dance. There was overlap between the Didelot and Pushkins era at St Petersburg for Imperial ballet. In comparison to the ballet dance of Western European countries, ballet dance of Russia lied far behind in the field of art. Talented Didelot along with Pushkin had resulted in foundation of unique dance of Russian ballet. In spite of the reason that these two individuals were not able to see the domination of Russian ballet, but they deserved appreciation for their efforts. The main characteristics for Russian ballet include as follows (Nickles Kalman, 2008):- There is an opposition existing between gender and nationality. Here nationality means the Western European and Russian region. Storys location for Russians Music composition of Russians Attitude against nation to reflect work of individuals. Unique dancing steps supported by choreography illustrating special characteristics for Russian dancing. On unfolding the ballet dance of Russia, the efforts by Pushkin in his development is influenced. The composition of music and theatrical efforts had been quite unique in Russia due to the talent of Pushkin. On combining these aspects, there raised development in new arenas. The effect of Pushkin to develop Russian opera finally resulted in improvement of Russian ballet. The ballet is usually dependent on music for most of the countries. However, as per Slominsky (1947) stated that there exists strong relationship between these characteristics. The experiments by Pushkin along with the fresh rhythm had resulted in creation of challenging situation among composers. As per Gerald Abraham, the Russians in this century enjoyed favourable time due to better lyrics in spite of pseudo classicism related to Derzhavin that are related to love poems resulting in new song in Russian for Pushkin (Abraham, 1985). However, this was inspiring to note for the dancers and choreographers. The influence by Pushkin allowed in recognizing ballet of Russian for recognition of unique genera and not the import of talent belonging to different countries. The influence of Pushkin had helped in influencing the Russian ballet dance to be recognized all over the world with own image. The influence of Pushkin and Didelot had resulted in enhancing history of Russia to provide a strong background for artistic power. The involvement of Soviet along with arts had resulted in better improved arts. The companies created in Russia, by imperial decree had gained favour from government to result in better learning experience. This had resulted in giving an opportunity along with the challenge. The support by two companies had further resulted in higher value of material found and helps in improvement of opportunities for research, but shall be well defined to ensure that there is no conflicting situation. Chapter 2- Literature Review 2.1 Soviet Union and Folk Dance The Soviet Union concerns for the study of folk dance as an important arena in addition to drama art and music. However, there was lack of recording that would have helped the dancers to develop their skills (Blacking Kealiinohomoku, 1979). Prior to the revolution, there was no focus laid on folk dance. An individual needs to be aware of choreography, philology in addition to musical folklore (Blacking Kealiinohomoku, 1979). Lack of recording system resulted in not availability of recording for choreography. The history of folk dancing in Soviet has been into existence from the 1920s to 1930s (Blacking Kealiinohomoku, 1979). The composers from Ukraine had been involved in this arena and the country was among those who started this concept of folk dance earliest among Soviet Union. The efforts by cultural groups have resulted in good collection of wide range of roles from all across (Bukland, 2007). After the formulation of Russia, the country was left with two choices: outward choice to follow western tradition, and inward trend to follow their culture and tradition (Schultz, 2000). That had raised the urge to have a thorough plan in such a manner that there exists a good balance between the two. The ballet present at St. Petersburg had been considered as Bolshoi too. The development of Maryinsky theatre at St. Petersburg in 1860s followed by the imperial ballet that performed at new theatre in the year 1889, and the company was named as Maryinsky Ballet Company. Thereafter, the name of ballet at St. Petersburg was changed due to the assassination by Sergei Kirov in the year 1934. Thereafter, Soviet Politburo was favoured for replacement of Josef Stalin. There was the opposition for Kirov, by left opposition party (Treadgold, 1995). Renamed ballet institutions had been compounded due to imperial city for Soviets. The ideology from patrons had acted against Russian ballet, and that raised the concept of training of dancers for demonstrating the Bolshoi Theatre and Maryinsky. The seats were restricted for higher official authorities. The subject however had to face censorship resulting in ballet dance as being quite conservative (Dees, 2004). That acted against the introduction of this form of dance as a professional business. Individuals willing to carry on the operation for their profession had to face this as the major barrier against growth of industry and individuals attached with it. However, there still persisted the importance for all the ballet training centres. Moscow Company was among the famous training centres for the name of step child in the end of 19th century. Talented pool of people gathered at Petersburg however due focus was laid on Maryinsky Theatre. This was the main cause of Petersburg Company leading quite ahead of Bolshoi Company and resulted in its brand value in European context (Bailey Ivanova, 1999). Regulating institutions too became an uneven situation. The Bolshoi Ballet was not as tough to be carried on as compared to Maryinsky Ballet. Therefore, the latter had to make available all the resources along with the support provided by imperial court. Therefore, Bolshoi court enjoyed freedom of art. That was too tough to find out when the ballet dance in Russian context came to be known all around the world. The native dancers had to be well renowned at that instance to bring awareness among the genera. The dancer named as Theophile Gautier at St. Petersburg, belonging to Imperial school had stated that the institution of dance results into remarkable group of soloists, incepting the corps for ballet which was same as for movement speed, precision, and unity. That was the moment of joy for the group to disband the right moment for reforming in quite a unique manner. The movement of those feet in perfect manner with proper match among the group, without any confusing stage were the causes of this success. The laughter and chattering were never there. The pantomime for dumb with no action, had the frame as per Lifar (1954), and his studies. That was the unique form of Russian ballet dance for executing during the mid of 19th century. Additionally, the starting of 1844 was the time when ballet dancers of Russia got trained at their place to start formation in West Europe for applauds. Though the dancers were applauded both at national and international level, non Russian choreographers belonging to different locations had formed the dancing groups. Number of dance historians at those times stated that the ballets of Russia are not too different than those of French ballets for the Northern wind (Lifar, 1954). Additionally, the researcher had pointed that the dancers of Russia get training and learning from outside sources. The choreography training in Russia too was not of good standard. Therefore, the training and development was though noted in the country for Russian folk dance followed by the ballet dance, there still lacks the trainers. In case there would have been good number of trainers in the country, there can be improvement in ballet dancers of Russia. The Russian dancers were one or the other way linked to non native place (Lifar, 1954). The learning from those locations results into convergence among Russians including Pushkin, various choreographers and composers for establishment of Russian ballet. There raises the importance to make an effort to improve the chronological sequence for ballets in Russia. There need to be a strong link between the choreographer, composer and writer. For this purpose, ballet dancers had to be compared with that of western counterparts to compare and contrast relationship between the two. Charles Didelot was among the most famous choreographers in his times and was in link with Pushkin. However, previous ballet dancers too had worked to explore the poems of Pushkin to develop ballet dance. 2.2 Isadora Duncan dance: the revolution of an artist in Russia Isadora Duncan dance is known as revolutionary person of modern type of dances who made the first Russian show or presentation in the year 1905 in St. Petersburg at the Marinsky theatre. That was the time making event that had changed the grand Russian ballet tradition. Serge Diaghileff was the founder of the ballet Russe and he told about Isadora that she have given the permanent shock to classical Russian ballet dance and she had pointed the ways which were followed by them (Netti et al., 1991). Then Isadora returned to Russia for six times in her life time and found inspiration of the Russian workers. It has been revealed in the researches that after several years, the people will make the professional as well as personal journey in the country to bring the gift of American Duncan dance to the Russian people or dancers and also they will find that what would be remained within the art of Isadora in modern St. Petersburg. CEC international partners which is a Russian company and it sponsors for an artistic exchange between Eastern and Central Europe. Isadora established a training school in Moscow by getting invitation from the commissioner of people who made efforts for brining art in front of the people. An ideology of Soviet anti-capitalistic requested to disappointment of Duncan with the millionaires in America who failed to fund the schools in Germany, France and Greece (Lomax, 1959). There was little stability within the training for current dancers outside the world of ballet of the Bolshoi and Kirov. From past so many decades, after the communism, an imitation of modern dance has been seen. It was the work of Martha and Graham and her European contemporaries along with the training in Jazz. The dance of Isadora Duncan has brought together another dancers named as Michelle Vazquez Kickasola (Ivette Sotomayer and Cuban American) are elevated in Miami where the Cuban community acts as anti communist party. There were bothered about the choreography of red tunic dances to the red army songs and that may be disgusting for the people who have reformed themselves in the Russian countries in twenty first century (Hilton, Alison, 1995). It has been viewed that so many people have learned the dance as well music being as the main part for their history. Number of old people from independent states like Uzbekistan and Georgia has lamented the lives of people economically and politically under the communism. 2.3 Ballet dance of Ludwig Minkus Ludwig Minkus was one of the biggest musical composers in the mysteries. He was having powerful posts in the imperial ballet theatres in Russia in the nineteenth century. He was known as an antecedent of Tchaikovsky but he was delicate being as a musician. Despite the obscurity, Minkus can never be forgotten. In early 1990s, the imperfection by Natalia Makarova and Rudolf Nureyev, the name of Minkus began to go outside again. Then Richard prepared the ballet recordings that presented some dumpy passages from the Minkus work and thus it provided surprising and wonderful things. From past so many decades, the words came to know about the music of Minkus and it was the traditional part in Soviet Union. That was linked with the legendary of ballet master, named as Marius Petipa. These works such as La Bayadere and Don Quixote were the two choreographers who carried by some valid protection from eighteenth century to the present day (Corona, 1991). They were presented first time to the pe ople all over the world. To ignore the expression of regret, the ballet was proved as successful. That success was consolidated and now it has been carried out by many companies from the federation of Russia. Thus it has resulted into the transformation of old ballets to new type of ballet. The success of these ballets with other types of ballets has laid within the power of score for bringing the emotions of the people and dance of life. Thus Minkus neither published nor revised but played several arrangements that have become very popular in all over the world. It needs a new life for the people who had given up the hopes of their lives. The musical power and authority of ballet has become surprising for the people. These ballet stories has the real power and human demand in which the choreography attracts the esteem of Balletomanes, attracts music in its regularity, the beauty of the music keeps the attention of many people and it engages everyones heart. Don Quixote is a comedy and known as one of the most touching novels in the world and it is about the beauty among the ordinary things. La Bayadere is a tragedy that keeps an eye on the sorrows of people in case of love with full of passion, unfaithfulness, separation and death. It talks about the two things together shows a satisfying symmetry. The ability of the musician responds to the effectiveness of both the sides such as dark and light of the human being touches the main demand of the drama. The life of Minkus and the compositions of ballets and the works are poorly diagnosed and documented, thus the proper and right investigation is needed for them to explo re the historical and critical material. The studies provided the help of George Verdak of Indianapolis and it made the copes of this material from the collected ballet scores. It continued by his inheritor before her death. Some major contributions gave by a professor who made scores of La Bayadere. 2.4 Partnership with Marius Petipa The rich success of his work of Don Quixote have taken a part as a major step in the career of Minkus and his first appointment at the imperial Russian theatre in St. Petersburg in the year 1872 as the first court composer of ballet (Degh, Linda, 1965). The death of other choreographer named as Pugni led Minkus to take his place. He became responsible for musical devices as well as library in the Bolshoi theatre. Then he was told to compose music for ballet dance for the opera Mlada. It was commissioned by the director of imperial theatre. Then the projects was ended, Minkus revised prolonged his materials after some years for the development of ballet. That was followed by ballet one after another and Minkus appeared at the Maryinsky and Bolshoi theatre and it was all the choreography of Petipa. The researches have revealed that between the year1869 and 1886, Petipa generated only 4-8 ballets without composing any music by Minkus and that was the important partnership of these two a rtists. Chapter 3- Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction The chapter here explores research methodology used to complete this dissertation. Researcher explores the type of study undertaken at this instance and the approach used for analysing results. The researcher also explores the type of data used in the research and the approach used for the dissertation. The researcher has also explored aims and objectives of the research followed by research questions to achieve these. 3.2 Aims and Objectives The researcher here aims to understand the concept of Russian folk dance and the reason for conversion of this into Russian Ballet dance. While the objective of this study is to analyse the concept of folk dance in Russia and various types of Russian dances which are famous in the country. 3.3 Research questions In order to attain aims and objectives of the research, researcher has designed below stated research questions:- What are the various forms of folk dance in Russia? What is the history attached with Russian folk dance? How did Russian folk dance transformed to Ballet dance? How the dance, as source of entertainment had converted into professional dance? Who are the famous people linked to Russian folk and Ballet dance? 3.4 Paradigm for Research For this research, researcher has used interpretative approach for research. Therefore, the interpretations acted as the main source for data analysis. In addition to this, the descriptive nature of approach was used for research purpose. Researcher has made an effort to collect secondary data from various sources to have a clear thought process for the subject under study. The folk dance in Russia, right from its history to present times is analysed. Various famous personalities were also covered in the research to understand the philosophical approach in the country. Although it is preferred by researchers such as Richards Hall (2000) to collect both primary and secondary data while carrying on the research process, secondary data was chosen hereon by the researcher due to complexity attached with primary data collection approach. Collection of primary data would have added too much to the complexity of this project. First of all, researcher had a clear understanding of the research topic to understand all the concepts related with Russian folk dance. This helped in designing clear aims and objectives of the research. Thereafter, secondary data was analysed further to formulate the dissertation sections and integrate them well to ensure the logical flow of discussion. Then researcher had made an effort to attain the aims and objectives of research by answering research questions. This helped in final conclusion to demonstrate the findings. 3. 5 Research Strategy Used The researcher has made use of case study as research strategy by designing of complete research process. This helped in clearly defining research problems that relate with the subject under study. The use of case study helped in gaining solution for the research. This had helped in acting as main cause for decision making stage to attain the aims and objectives of research. Theories related to folk and ballet dance of Russia were discussed to have a sound understanding of the subject under study. Therefore, case study was taken as a favourable approach for determining the research and evaluating it thoroughly (Robert, 2003). This approach helps in analysing results based on the theoretical framework prepared for the research. Case study is used widely as per researchers such as Robert (2003) to analyse the outcomes due to high reliability and consistency associated with the concept. These help in exploratory study of the subject topic using numerous case studies for using the replication process to analyse based on the theory collected (Yin, 1994). The conceptual methods have been explored well through the use of case study method to analyse the results (Yin, 1994). Through case study method, theoretical background of folk dance in Russia would be created to know about the existence of this traditional approach, which had resulted in Ballet dance introduction and the conversion of dance into professional dance. Therefore, case study seems to be the reliable tool for getting results within short span of time. This would also help the researcher to get rid of any sort of biasness due to different beliefs. 3.6 Method to Collect Data For this research purpose, researcher has taken secondary data as the choice. Number of books, and magazines were referred along with journals and various internet sources. These would help in formulation of strong base to carry out research process. The results would be obtained thoroughly through this strategy to attain outcomes.