Historical And Theological Issues Surrounding The Catholic...

There was many historical and theological issues surrounding the split between the Catholic and the Orthodox church. There were cultural factors that impacted how the religion was practiced. There was political factors, as per usual politics ruin everything. Aside from all the socio-political reasons the main reason there was a schism was because the east and west disagreed on aspects of religion. The Great Schism, was the event that divided Christianity into Western (Roman) Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. All though it is normally dated to 1054, when Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I excommunicated each other, the East-West Schism was actually the result of an extended period of estrangement between the two bodies of churches. The primary causes of the Schism were disputes over papal authority. According to Rome the Pope held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs, while the four eastern patriarchs claimed that the primacy of the Patriarch of Rome was only honorary and thus he had authority only over Western Christians, Cultural differences that separated ancient Greece from ancient Rome still held true for the early Christian church. Language was an important factor in the schism, the entire early Christian world was split almost precisely along the Greek-Latin language boundary. Words, and ideas could not be precisely translated, and words often had multiple meanings in one language views them in another. The language problem was also symbolic of theShow MoreRelatedThe Cultural And Religious Traditions Of The European Continent3078 Words   |  13 Pagesseeks to remove the holy image to which they so ardently pray. From the west, rumors of a new Creed have made their way to the town, but the grand political and historical implications of this document are unknown the laity, who, illiterate, have never read the creed to which their church adheres. In such an environment, the great theological controversies of the seventh to ninth centuries emerged, forever shaping the history of not only the provinces in which they took hold, but also the developmentRead MoreByzantine Art : Contributions And Reflections Of A Falling Empire1901 Words   |  8 Pagesfunctions. However, these functions are consistently changing and morphing alongside the culture they serve. How is art able to reflect and even affect the society it is generated from? More specifically, what impact does art have, in response, on surrounding societies over time? This theme has been questioned throughout art history in nearly every studied culture. This continuation of the Roman Empire was heavily influenced by Grecian ideas, yet Byzantine art was transformed to an entirely new aestheticRead MoreEssay on Fundamentalism and Inerrancy of Scripture5400 Words   |  22 PagesInerrancy as an Issue in the Fundamentalist Movement: 1900 to the Present. A Paper Submitted to Dr. Homer Massey In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course History of Christianity II CHHI 525 By, Johnny walker INERRANCY OF THE SCRIPTURES Outline Fundamentalism is a type of religious reaction to all forms of modernity. 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Nevertheless, hell was commonly envisioned based on an ancient Jewish perspective, where the wicked were separated from the righteous, and thrown into a large burning trash dump called Gehenna (Graham). From the beginning, the church sought toRead More Resolving Conflict between Science and Religion: Reform Judaism and Scientific Thought3160 Words   |  13 Pagesthroughout history, especially in relation to the Christian faith. For instance, few people have not heard about the adverse reaction of the Catholic Church when Galileo propounded his theory of a heliocentric universe. Even today, we are not free of conflicts that arise when religious doctrine conflicts with scientific theorizing. A prominent issue is creation, in which scientific theories about the big bang directly contradict the religious doctrine of the Christian faith, which understandsRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pageswestern society as part of Babylon—a system and a place that is the enemy of the blacks of the world. FOREWORD ix 7. There is still no organized set of doctrines and teachings that constitute Rastafarianism, and no organized Rastafarian church, temple, or worship space exists. 8. There are numerous sects and groupings of Rastafarians, each holding to its own belief system and structure. 9. Rastafarianism is a deeply patriarchal religion that remains completely behoven to the Bible. 10

The Manhattan Project During World War II - 1563 Words

The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project started during World War II in 1940. The war was between the two opposite military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Many new weapons were manufactured during this war era. Two of these weapons happen to be â€Å"Little Boy† and â€Å"Fat Man.† These two weapons are nuclear atomic bombs, and they also ended World War II. The Manhattan Project was responsible in manufacturing these weapons. Therefore, the United States (U.S.) benefited from the Manhattan Project by using its weapons against Japan and dropping two nuclear bombs on Japan’s country which caused great destruction and gave them no choice but to surrender. In 1939, after uranium fission was discovered, many people were discussing atomic†¦show more content†¦The letter stated that German Nazi’s were trying to purify Uranium 235, if they were to purify it they would be able to create an atomic bomb. He also told the president that the U.S. sho uld start building in order to beat the other countries in making the nuclear weapons. On October 11th, 1939 Alexander Sachs (a scientist) went to President Franklin Roosevelt and discussed Albert Einstein’s letter. The president thought it was a good idea, so he started funding the project. This project was known as the Manhattan Project. Once it was approved many scientists got involved, some scientists that got involved were: Ken Bainbridge (test director of the project), David Bohm (theoretical physics, philosophy, and neuropsychology), Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigher, Otto Frisch, Rudolf Peieris, Felix Bloch, Niels Bohr, Emilio Segre, James Franck, Enrico Fermi, Klaus Fuchs, and Eward Teiler. All these scientists got involved thus starting the Manhattan Project. In 1939, American scientists (many of them were refugees in Europe) recommended the development of ways to use nuclear fission for military purposes. Most of the existing research had been performed at Columbia Univer sity in New York City. The project was based in Manhattan, New York. There was more than 30 laboratories and sites, also there was more than 130,000 people that were involved in different parts of nuclear research and development with three main locations were: Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Richland, Washington; and Los

Climate Change Effect on Polar Bears Free Essays

Climate Change Effects on Artic Polar Bears Kenneth Halvorsen COM/156 09/30/2012 Jocelyn Henson Climate Change Effects on Artic Polar Bears Climate warming and ecological changes have caused a significant threat to the declining population of polar bears in the Arctic which is affecting human habitats Polar bears, the largest of the terrestrial carnivores, live on the Arctic ice for the majority of the year. The icy habitat allows polar bears to hunt for their primary prey – seals. The powerful species’s survival completely depends on their ability to use ice for feeding and breeding. We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change Effect on Polar Bears or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the highest degrees of global warming effects have been on the polar regions of the world. Scientists around the globe are in agreement that such effects of greenhouse gases produced mainly through human induced emissions have resulted in an increase of the earth’s surface temperature. The continued denial concerning global warming could result in the complete polar bear extinction. Unquestionably, the beautiful species’s future depends on the protection of the arctic environment: its pollution levels, indigenous peoples hunt and total loss of ice. So, what should be done, if anything, to save the polar bear habitat? To begin analyzing the issue, let’s first discuss some of the delicate specifics of polar bear habitat and environment requirements which are critical for survival. Polar bears, as the largest of the bear family, must sustain enough food and accumulate enough body fat to keep those alive during the ice free period. They need to consume at least five pounds of seal blubber per day to stay healthy. Also, as they are the largest land predator in the world, bears live on the ice in locations where it is viable to hunt for seals which are their primary prey. Yet, they will also hunt Artic fox. They have been known to eat birds, reindeer, rodents, fish, or even the carcass of a dead whale. Strong swimmers, the bears roam over the vast expanses of sea ice while paddling with their front legs and using their rear legs as a ruder hunting for ringed seals, bearded seal, and occasionally beluga whales and even walrus. Polar bears have no natural predator and have no fear of man which makes things dangerous for both. There are few animals that will attack a man unprovoked yet, the polar bear is one that will actually hunt down humans and eat them. The problem begins where studies show that climate warming is creating a much shorter duration of time for sea ice and, therefore, is extending a later freezing in fall as well as early ice break-ups during summer. These changing conditions have shown seal depletion and a decline in the polar bears population. The average annual extend of ice has exceeded 1 million square kilometers. With over 40 percent decrease within the past 30 years of the ice coverage the population of polar bears has been substantially threatened (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Services, 2008). This and other climate change factors have affected the species’s food supply chain. Polar bears population growth in general is extremely slow and fluctuates in response to natural factors, the major one of which is their prey ability. The bears need to maintain a high level of body fat, especially for the females in order to have healthy cubs. Nutritionally stressed, the mothers are being greatly affected by the rising sea levels in the marine regions with the most pronounced temperature increases. An increase in polar bear sightings have been reported near human settlements during the open water period in recent years. For example, Inuit hunters have reported an increase in bear population because of an increase in sightings near their villages. This has led to more hunting tags issued. Such observations are misleading and the increased sightings should be related to the fact that the bears are seeking an alternative food source. Additionally, offshore drilling for oil and shipping have threatened polar bears status. Years of data from satellite imagery as far back as 1970 shows a decrease in population and poor body conditions surrounding the populations of bears near Western Hudson Bay and Baffin Bay. These two populations are more likely decreasing and not increasing. As these populations decrease the continued problematic interaction with man will most likely continue and could very well increase, as the bears seek alternative food sources through the extended summer months (Stirling, Parkinson, Sep. , 2006). Scientists have very specific ways of tracking the earth’s temperature. The world’s temperature is constantly monitored from land-based weather stations and ocean buoys. They also use tree rings, coral reefs, and ice cores. The evidence shows the earth’s temperature is increasing. Three main source possibilities could be responsible for the increase in global warming: the sun, the earth’s reflectivity, and greenhouse gases. All three have been studied carefully, and the only one that matches up to the data is levels of greenhouse gases. The more fossil fuels we burn the higher levels of greenhouse gases (Environmental Defense Fund, 2012). The polar bears’ survival completely depends on their ability to use ice for hunting, and some of the highest degree of global warming effects has been on the polar regions of the world. Fortunately, with technological advancements researchers are now able to follow individual bears over a long period of time and collect valuable data on the species’s habitat concerns. The greater understanding of population trends and dynamics allows scientists worldwide to provide critically important data that will further assist in environmental management decision. â€Å"Studies show a significant decrease in polar bear populations from 1984 through 2004 near the western coast of Hudson Bay and in the community of Churchill, Manitoba, Canada† (Regehr, 2010). The level of human presence and recent commercial activities in the Artic, such as oil spills and contaminants, shipping and hunting have exposed polar bear population to higher risks and, as a consequence, have increased this species’s habitat food stress. Now, as much as one-third of the world’s polar bears are facing extinction. Interestingly enough, multiple social groups believe that there is no reason for panic and some of the data used in polar bear population decrease is false. The controversial opinions are opposing to the entire fact of global warming and climate change with explanation of political tricks on consumers. Additionally, a large number of scientists and distinguished engineers disagree with the fact that an immediate and drastic action is needed to protect polar bear species’s survival and control of global warming impacts. Environmental campaigners suffered a major blow in 2009 when emails stolen from computers at the University of East Anglia were leaked and were hailed by critics as evidence of scientists attempting to suppress evidence that contradicted the idea of man-made climate change. An inquiry into the scandal failed to find any evidence of malpractice by the scientists and a review of the science also ound it to be sound, although the findings were met with claims of bias from skeptics. â€Å"The science has become stronger and stronger over the past five years while the public perception has gone in completely the other direction (Gray, 2012). â€Å"A recent BBC poll found that 25% of British adults did not think global warming was happening† (Gray, 16. 2012) . Nevertheless, polar bears have been listed as threatened by the U. S. Federal Government, Department of Fish and Wildlife Service in May 2008). Accordingly, one of the highlights in mitigation measures and species habitat preservation was a formation of PBSG membership. In 1973 The International Organization called Polar Bear Specialist Group has negotiated and executed an Agreement of the Conservation of Polar Bears. (IUCN Species Survival Group, 2012). The meetings are held in Greenland every 3 to 5 years with the emphases on advancing the principles of the Agreement. As a result of the recently conducted series of meetings in June 2001 a working group has been assigned and funded to expend the knowledge on the essential life functions of polar bears and other marine animals. Such evaluation of the species’s immune and hormonal systems would significantly improve the continued efforts of humanity in preserving the Artic environment. These and many other initiatives remain to be under development status. However, the progress is being noticed and is pleasantly acknowledged. Multi-discipline mitigation measures must be addressed by the upcoming generation of human policy makers. Among multiple models of polar bear population and habitat features one can clearly notice an inevitable and non-reversible threat to important specie of the world’s largest bear. Therefore, understanding of the climate change and a greater precision in making management decision must remain being a worldwide concern. Neither the five countries of PBSG membership bound by a 1973 treaty discussed above no the American Environmental Protection groups themselves would succeed with this uneasy task of polar bear habitat preservation without a worldwide cooperation. References Ellis, R. (2009). On thin ice: The changing world of the polar bear. Knopf. Environmental Defense Fund (2012). Climate Change Impacts. Retrieved from: http://www. edf. org/climate/climate-change-impacts IUCN Species Survival Group (2012). IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group. Retrieved from pbsg. npolar. no Gray, R. (2012, October). Climate Scientists Are Losing The Public Debate on Global Warming. The Telegraph. Retrieved from: www. telegraph. co. uk Kuhn, M. (2010). Climate Change and The Polar Bear: Is The Endangered Species Act Up To The Taks? Alaska Law Review, Vol 7. , Issue 1, p. 125-150, 26p. National Geographic Society (2012). Polar Bear Ursus maritimus. Retrieved from: http://animals. nationalgeographic. com/animals/mammals/polar-bear Peacock, E. , Derocher, A. E. , Thiemann, G. W. , Stirling, I. (2011). Conservation and Management of Canada’s Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) In A Changing Artic. Canadian Journal of Zoology. Regehr, E. V. , S. C. Amstrup, and I. Stirling (2006). Polar bear population status in the southern Beaufort Sea. U. S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska. USGS Open-File Report 2006-1337. 20 pp. Regehr, E. V. (2010). Climate Change threatens polar bear populations. Ecological Society of America. Stirling, I. , Parkinson, C. L. (2006). Possible Effects of Climate Warming on Selected Populations of Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic. Artic Vol 59, No. 3, p. 261-275. How to cite Climate Change Effect on Polar Bears, Essay examples

Data Collection Strategy to Expand Digital Marketing

Question: Discuss about the Data Collection Strategy to Expand Digital Marketing. Answer: Introduction: Conducting business in an ethical manner is the crux of success of any business organization particularly for the outbound interaction such as marketing and sales. In todays world the corporates are very high on the code of conduct with regards the professional ethics. Violation of the same is considered to be an unacceptable act. The fact that ethics play a very important role while using social media for the purpose of marketing cannot be ignored specifically with regards usage of personal information in a diplomatic manner (Gutierrez, 2013). This also concerns with regards the use of social media for marketing purpose where it is very difficult to decide upon relevancy and an odd creepy branding proposition. Social media marketing is one of the optimistic steps that the corporates undertake to reach the end consumers. It helps to understand the tastes and desires of the customers in the actual sense. The professional can easily gain an insight into what the consumers demand for, what are their inclinations and thus narrow down the list of the prospective customers. Social media marketing thus helps to find them the right audience that would cater to their ads. But the same would be successful only if used in an ethical manner. Thus it can be coined as ethical marketing wherein there is less usage of marketing strategies and more of philosophy. Using the social media marketing in an ethical manner helps to develop a sense of trust within the customers. Thus if the details portrayed in an advertisement is true in all sense then it has a long lasting impact on the success of the company and also the endorser. Thus it would led the consumers feel that the company is not cheating upon them which would in turn help the company launch any new product also in this competitive market (Marketing-Schools.org 2012). However it is not possible to ask a company to always behave in an ethical manner which using the social media for marketing purposes. They are seen to adhere to ethical aspects in one way of marketing but at the same time behave unethically for the other. Thus the social media marketing although should be conducted in an ethical manner yet there are situations which many a times forces the corporates to take the other route as well. The data generated by the social media are in huge chunks, so much that it at times gives birth to various ethical tensions. The information disseminated via the social media spreads very fast with regard the volume and the number of users or readers, there always is an anxiety with regards collection of the data and the ethical aspect of using the same in the social media. Even though social media is a very attractive and successful source of data yet he same is coupled with various ethical challenges as well such as privacy issues and obtaining permission from the person whose data is being utilised. Even though data is collected from informed sources, storage is another issue and this also gives rise to various ethical tensions. Such as the government which is not a trusted entity when it comes to storing the personal information of its citizens safely. People generally do not trust the private entities as they think that they store data only for making money and thus may even misuse the same for the same purpose (House of Commons, Science and Technology. 2014). But the same is not true. There is ethical tension for collecting, storing the data for social media campaigns in the government sector as well. The proper procedure of collecting, storing and handling the user data for social media campaigns can be divided into three main phases i.e. before, after and during. Collection of data is what comprises of the first phase of the social media campaign. The target audience has to be decided and data should be collected after obtaining consent from them via various social media tweets and sites. Conducting of interviews and surveys are also means of collecting data for social media campaign. Further collect data in clusters (Bowden, 2014). Further to this, the data collected for the social media campaigns are generally personal information of the models and such other participants which should be stored very securely. Leakage of any such information may give rise to ethical tensions such misusing of the data, creating uncensored and unethical mms and videos. Thus after collection, storing is a big task with regards the social campaign media. Lastly is the handling of these data. A volume of data collection in a social media campaign is huge. Of which some are useful and the other are not. It is a matter of discretion and adequate parameters which helps a person to decide which one is relevant. The other data which is irrelevant should neither be totally deleted or stored safely so that it does not fall into the hands of scrupulous people(Schwartz, 2010). Thus even though there are ethical tensions with regards the collection, storing and handling user data for social media campaigns yet if proper procedures are followed then the same can be handled very smartly without much of a hassle. References: Bowden,J., (2014), Data Collection Strategy to Expand Digital Marketing Insights, Available at https://www.socialmediatoday.com/content/data-collection-strategy-expand-digital-marketing-insights (Accessed 27th Marchh 2017) Gutierrez, M., (2013), The Ethics of Social Media Marketing, Available at https://www.huffingtonpost.com/mateo-gutierrez/social-media-marketing_b_2206357.html (Accessed 24th March 2017) House of Commons, Science and Technology., (2014), Responsible Use of Data, Available at https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmsctech/245/245.pdf (Accessed 24th March 2017) Marketing-Schools.org., (2012), Ethical Marketing, Available at https://www.marketing-schools.org/types-of-marketing/ethical-marketing.html (Accessed 24th March 2017) Schwartz,P.M., (2010), Data Protection Law And The Ethical Use of Analytics, Available at https://www.huntonfiles.com/files/webupload/cipl_ethical_undperinnings_of_analytics_paper.pdf (Accessed 24th March 2017)